Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD) for Gas Chromatography

Aviv Amirav, Hongwu Jing, Eitan Atar, Sergey Cheskis,  Nitzan Tzanani, Alexander Gordin and Gad Frishman (July 2015)

PFPD Information

This is the homeland of the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD) and the place where it was originally developed.

A few recommendations about the optimal use of the PFPD are listed in the applications section below and a full list of over 190 PFPD publications (updated for 2008) is given at the bottom, organized by both year of publication and according to major applications.

If you are a PFPD user, or are considering it you may contact me through my E-mail: amirav@tau.ac.il

PFPD Operation   

The PFPD is based on a flame source and combustible gas flow rate that cannot sustain a continuous flame operation. A combustible gas mixture of hydrogen and air (3) is continuously fed into the small pulsed flame chamber (6) (shown in Figure 1) together with the sample molecules that are eluted in the usual way from the GC column (14). The combustible gas mixture is also separately flowing (4) to a light-shielded, continuously heated, wire igniter (12). The ignited flame is propagated back to the gas source through the pulsed flame chamber (6), and is self terminated in a few milliseconds, since the pulsed flame can not propagate through the small hole of the combustor holder (5) at the bottom of the pulsed flame chamber (6). The continuous gas flow creates additional ignition after a few hundred milliseconds in a pulsed periodic fashion (~ 3Hz). The emitted light is transferred with a light pipe (8) through a broad band filter (9) and detected with a photomultiplier (10).

Fig. 1. The PFPD Structure

Time Dependent Chemistry

The PFPD is uniquely characterized by the addition of time domain information as demonstrated in Figure 2. Since the combustion of hydrocarbon molecules is very exothermic and thus fast and irreversible, their flame emission is limited to the time duration of the flame traveling along the photomultiplier window. Heteroatom species such as S2, HPO, HNO, etc. emit at the time delayed cooler yet reactive post pulsed flame conditions. Consequently, their flame emissions are electronically gated and separated in time from the hydrocarbon emission and thus provide "infinite" selectivity against hydrocarbons as well as a unique heteroatom identification capability.

Fig. 2. The PFPD Emission Time Dependence

PFPD Post Run Processing Software

A unique PFPD software was developed and is currently available in some limited forms. This PFPD View software is similar in its three dimensions concept to a GC-MS software. It stores during the chromatography time all the pulsed flame emission traces for post run reviewing and reprocessing. This software could enable the following features:

1. Serves as a screen for on-line monitoring of the PFPD emissions for its easy optimization.
2. Enables post run gate position optimization for higher sensitivity and infinite selectivity.
3. Provides a dual gate subtraction mode for improved inter heteroatom selectivity.
4. Provides a dual gate response ratio for elemental identification and multi element analysis.
5. Increases the sulfur measurement dynamic range with a dual gate response ratio method.
6. Identifies sulfur response quenching and helps in its elimination or reduction.
7. Provides a carbon channel simultaneously with the sulfur selective channel.

Advantages of the PFPD

In the PFPD, the flame chemiluminescence light emission, is pulsed and its peak intensity is largely increased. As described above, a new element specific time-domain information is added. This unique elemental kinetics is the central ingredient that contributes to the PFPD higher performance level. The emerging advantages, as demonstrated with our PFPD, are as follows:

1. Higher Sensitivity.
The minimum detected levels of our home made PFPD are 2x10E-13 gS/sec, 1x10E-14 gP/sec and 2x10E-12 gN/sec (with 2 RMS noise level). These sensitivities are achieved with narrowbore (0.25mm ID) capillary columns, while with megabore columns (0.53mm ID) the sensitivity is slightly reduced. These detection limits are much better than those of any continuous flame FPD. In addition, due to the equimolar response of the PFPD, these detection limits are applicable to all compounds as they elute from the column, in contrast to standard FPD for which the vendors use favorable samples for specifications. The superior PFPD sensitivity is attributed to the reduction of flame background and chemical noise due to its filtration in time, dark current reduction due to its current gating, higher signal brightness due to lower combustible gas flow rate and smaller combustor volume as well as the use of broad band color glass filters. The PFPD is equal or more sensitive than NPD in phosphorus selective detection, without peak tailing and long term stability problems, and it has superior selectivity against carbon and nitrogen. The PFPD sulfur mode has similar detection limits as that of the sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD), but its detection signal to noise ratio is better at practical detection levels due to its quadratic response. In addition, the PFPD has superior long term stability, it is much smaller, easier to use, fully integrated into the GC and costs much less to purchase and maintain.

2. Improved Selectivity.
The possible separation in time of the signal from unwanted hydrocarbon emission results in a remarkable improvement (> 10E3) of the selectivity and thus the PFPD is a specific detector with total discrimination against hydrocarbon compounds (selectivity over 10E7). Please note that most vendors provide misleading FPD selectivity specifications since in view of the FPD quadratic sulfur response it cannot have a one number specification but rather a range of selectivities with less than 1000 S/C near the detection limit and up to 1E+6 at high sulfur levels. Naturally the vendors choose a high but misleading value. The reality is that with all FPDs hydrocarbons are observed while with the PFPD they are not observed thus one can trust that all peaks are of sulfur compounds. The inter-heteroatom selectivity is also markedly increased due to the uniqueness of elemental related emission time and especially with a dual gate subtraction software. The markedly improved selectivity against silicon, provides stable baseline under high temperature column bleed conditions.

3. Lower Hydrogen Consumption.
Typically, our PFPD works with 12 ml/min hydrogen flow rate and 24 ml/min air flow rate and without any make up gas. This hydrogen fuel saving is of special importance in transportable GC-PFPD systems that can work on 8 ml/min hydrogen column flow rate alone, while the air is provided by a small pump with only light air filtration due to the time separation of hydrocarbon emission. In the laboratory, the PFPD saves gases worth more than its price in a few years, and it is safer as well.

4. Nitrogen Selective Detection.
Nitrogen containing molecules are uniquely selectively detected via their HNO flame chemiluminescence. This detection mode provides uniform and quantitative detection to all nitrogen compounds (except N2) including NOx , NH3, hydrazine, amides, nitro and nitroso compounds with good long term stability. A fast high explosives screening method was developed and tested.

5. Universal Heteroatom Selective Detection.
Many elements can be selectively detected with no hydrocarbon interference's including S, P, N, As, Sn, Se, Ge, Te, Sb, Br, Ga, In, Cu, etc. Many other elements are detected with reasonable to very good selectivities including C, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cr, V, W, Eu, Rh, Ru, Bi, Pb, Al, B, Si. Thus, the PFPD can serve as an alternative to the costly atomic emission detector (AED) in many applications.

6. Multiple Element Selective Detection Schemes.
The PFPD can simultaneously detect several element combinations such as: S+P, P+N, S+N, S+P+N, S+P+N+As+Sn+Se+... with only a single photomultiplier (lower cost and space). Elemental identification is easily achieved with a dual gate response ratio method and software.

7. Uniform Response.
All the molecular memory effects are eliminated since at the time of delayed emission, the compounds are already completely combusted, in analogy to the double flame photometer operation. Thus, uniform (equimolar) S,P,N response is ensured for total elemental content measurements and easier calibration. 

8. Flexible Detector with Excellent Long Term Stability.
Since the PFPD igniter works continuously, flame out problems do not exist. At most, when the solvent is eluted, several pulses will be skipped and the majority of the solvent will pass the detector without any effect. Any soot formation, if exists, is self-cleaned as the flame propagates along the combustor walls. This property allows the GC-PFPD to be operated with up to 100 microliter splitless injections. This results in a larger detection dynamic range and lower detected concentration. Chlorinated solvent problems are eliminated through time programming of the igniter that is off during the solvent elution time (as with filament protection in GC-MS)

9. Reduced Quenching.
Quenching is reduced due to the hotter post pulsed flame conditions and through the ability to inject smaller samples due to its improved sensitivity. In the event where it exists, quenching may be identified by its effect on the emission time, and it can be corrected. Alternatively, quenching can be eliminated with 3 mm ID combustors by the increase of the air 1 flow rate which results in a small (less than a factor of 2) penalty in sensitivity and no penalty in the selectivity. A "multihole" 3 mm combustor holder was developed and is available by the vendors, that is especially effective in quenching reduction. With this holder, 3 mm ID combustor and 1-2 ml/min added air 1 the pulsed flame creates hot post pulsed flame conditions that are unfavorable for the formation of the sulfur scavenging COS hence quenching is significantly suppressed. With the PFPD gasoline and Diesel fuel can be analyzed with one microliter split 10 injections, in contrast to FPD.     

10. Carbon Channel.
A unique reversed time separation provides a carbon channel simultaneously with the sulfur selective detection (MDL (10E-10 gC/sec).

11. Combination with a Pulsed FID.
A pulsed FID can be added with minor hardware addition. Simultaneous PFID-PFPD operation is feasible with optimal detection conditions for each mode. This combination is not available with commercial PFPDs.

12. Increased Mass Spectrometric Identification Capabilities.
Simultaneous PFPD and MS detection via column output splitting enables pesticide identification from single or dual MS parent or fragment ion information. Accordingly, the PFPD marks the pesticide elution time for optimal background subtraction and library search. At lower concentrations a NIST sequential search is enabled that uses the PFPD elemental information combined with the MS information on one or two ions for the lowest concentration identification capabilities, at the most complex matrices.
Thus, the PFPD actually improves the sensitivity of the MS.

PFPD Applications and Recommendations

1.  Sulfur Compounds in Petrochemical fluid (fuels) and gases. 
This is the most widely used PFPD application. The markedly improved sensitivity, lack of hydrocarbon response (specificity) lower degree of hydrocarbon induced quenching and uniform (equimolar) sulfur response makes the PFPD a much better alternative to the FPD. While the PFPD has equivalent sensitivity to the SCD, it is far simpler to operate and maintain, has inherently better long term stability, is fully integrated with the GC without additional bench space and costs much less to purchase and maintain (gases, service). The GasPro column of Agilent (J&W) (0.32 mm ID and 1-2 ml/min Helium column flow rate) was found as a good column for sulfur gas analysis, such as COS in propylene, H2S and other sulfur gases in natural gas or beverage grade CO2. In this column unlike in standard thick film PDMS columns the sulfur compounds are well separated from any potential major coeluting hydrocarbon. Sulfur gas analysis can benefit the use of hydrogen as the carrier gas since it enables larger volume injection through higher (practically unlimited) carrier gas flow rate (unlike with helium) and it results with narrower hence higher peaks. If sensitivity is critical the sulfur doping method can be employed for about 5 times lower detection limits and greater measurement range. Sulfur for doping air 1 at a rate of 0.1-0.2 ng/min should be used. Please read reference 6 listed below for details. An Rtx-35 narrowbore column of Restek (0.25 mm ID) with 1 micron film (or equivalent DB17, DB50 of VF35 VF17 with 1 micron film) was found ideal for sulfur compound analysis in gasoline. This is since it separates very well critical pairs such as benzene from thiophene or toluene from methylthiophene. The thick film is important to reduce column overloading by the hydrocarbons. With this column, up to 1 microliter can be injected with a split ratio of 10. In order to eliminate quenching, the use of 3 mm ID combustor, increased air 1 flow rate by 2 ml/min and gate delay of 8 msec and width of 15 msec are recommended. Excellent sensitivity and chromatographic separation are achieved this way as demonstrated in Figure 3.  For sulfur in Diesel fuel analysis standard 0.25 mm ID columns with 0.25 micron DB5ms, VF5ms or equivalents films can be used with PFPD conditions as for gasoline. However, the PFPD temperature should be increased to 250C or 300C as needed to eliminate peak tailing. We note that the PFPD can operate up to 400C unlike some FPDs that are limited to 250C.

Fig. 3. Sulfur compounds analysis in gasoline

2. Fast Total Sulfur Determination.
The combination of the PFPD and GC instrumentation enables a fast (under one minute) total sulfur determination method, which can be applied to petrochemical gases and fluids, including gasoline and Diesel fuel. This method is based on the use of a short microbore column (1 meter, 0.1 mm ID) connected in series (with a union) with a short megabore column (0.5 meter, 0.53 mm ID) that is coupled with the PFPD with 3 mm ID combustor. Standard 0.5 microliter split injection is employed with column flow rate of 0.1 ml/min and split flow rate of 12 ml/min, resulting in 20-25 seconds broad quasi GC peak of unseparated matrix and sulfur compounds. The injector and column are maintained at a high temperature, typically 300C. No quenching is observed and the equimolar sulfur response ensures the accuracy of the method. Thus, the same GC-PFPD combination can be used for both fast total sulfur determination and sulfur compound speciation. The detection limit in this easy to implement mode is 5 ppm. An improved fast total sulfur GC-PFPD analyzer was developed by us with 10 ppb detection limit and is available for collaboration with interested vendors.     p>

3. Phosphorus Pesticides.
The PFPD superior sensitivity can be translated into reduced sample load on the column and thus allow longer column lifetime and faster analysis with a short narrowbore column or higher GC resolution. The use of 0.25 or 0.32 mm ID columns is recommended since the PFPD is better optimized for lower column flow rate operation. It can be used for pesticide analysis in "organic food items" that requires the lowest detection limits. The PFPD can also reduce or eliminate natural sulfur compounds interferences with the dual gate subtraction software. (PFPD unique). These interferences are the bottleneck of trace level OP pesticide analysis with FPD in many matrices. Very important is the PFPD ability to also analyze a large group of sulfur containing pesticides at the required trace concentrations (in contrast to FPD). The PFPD can also uniquely determine the P/S elemental ratio in pesticides that contain both atoms. The PFPD has a sensitivity similar to that of NPD but without peak tailing and long term stability problems and it has superior selectivity against hydrocarbon and nitrogen compounds. The PFPD is ideally coupled with the MS for simultaneous PFPD-MS pesticide analysis as described in detail in reference 12 listed below. The use of the ChromatoProbe for GC sampling and intra GC injector thermal desorption eliminates the need for extraction and effectively utilizes the enhanced PFPD sensitivity that compensates for the lack of concentration with the blending only procedure. Extensive PFPD pesticide analysis information can be found in the PFPD list of papers/references below.

4. Sulfur Pesticides.
About 20% of the EPA list of pesticides contain a sulfur atom without phosphorus. Usually they are detected through their nitrogen atoms using NPD, but the natural presence of a large multitude of natural nitrogen compounds hampers this detection mode, so their monitoring via the sulfur mode should be preferred. The PFPD is the only detector in the market that has the required sensitivity for sulfur pesticides, which can also monitor phosphorus pesticides. The S and P pesticides can also be monitored simultaneously, and the S/P atom ratio information is provided for pesticides that contain both S and P atoms. Nitrogen pesticides can also be monitored using the PFPD in its nitrogen mode but with some sensitivity limitations. In addition to sulfur pesticides such as Endosulfane, Metribuzin, Folpet, Ametryn, Prometrin, Butylate, Propargite and Ethylenethiourea, important sulfur carbamates can be analyzed including Aldicarb, Methomyl and Methyocarb. A special method was developed for the analysis of these thermally labile pesticides based on using a short (4 meter) column with 0.25 mm ID, 5 ml/min He column flow rate and injection at 140C injector temperature (preferably a PTV injector) with an empty liner. Please contact me for details if you wish to analyze these or other thermally labile carbamate pesticides and I will be happy to Email you a power point presentation on this application.

5. Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) Detection.
The enhanced sensitivity, total elimination of hydrocarbon interferences, much lower gas consumption, ability to monitor all the range of CWA, including arsenic and/or nitrogen containing compounds and ability to use chlorinated solvents make the PFPD the ideal detector of choice for this purpose. The multi element selective detection capability with only one photomultiplier tube (PMT) makes it also less expensive and smaller than FPD with two PMT's. Several multiple element detection schemes can be chosen such as: S, P, As, N, (S+P), (P+N), (As+P), (As+N), (S+P+As), (P+As+N), (S+P+As+N). Many PFPDs (over 60) are being used for this application worldwide. br> FoFor further information on the use of the PFPD for CWA analysis with our new miniaturized system please read reference 17 or go to  Fast GC-PFPD System for Field Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents

6. Sulfur Drugs.
While the majority of drugs contain nitrogen atoms, about 15% of them also contain a sulfur atom. Due to the presence of large amount of natural nitrogen compounds in biofluids such as plasma or urine extracts, sulfur selective detection should be preferred for the selective detection of sulfur drugs. The PFPD sulfur sensitivity is similar or better than that of the NPD nitrogen sensitivity and thus it is compatible with the current drug research requirements. p>

7. Organotin Compounds in the Environment, Sea Water and Fish Products.
The excellent tin sensitivity and selectivity of the PFPD make it an ideal organotin selective detector. The PFPD is also characterized by good long term stability for tin due to the self-cleaning mechanism of the combustion zone. The PFPD was found as the most sensitive tin selective GC detector. Tin analysis requires a BG12 filter (sulfur filter) which provides the best sensitivity, gate delay of 4 msec, gate width 2-3 msec (for greater LDR), 3 mm combustor ID and gases as in the phosphorus mode. It is recommended to keep the PFPD on at all time for lowest noise. High base temperature such as 350C should be employed to reduce the PFPD tin peak tailing and in the Varian PFPD the aluminum thermal insulation cup should be mounted. The dual gate subtraction method can be used to eliminate sulfur interference. Please read about this application references number 10 (ours with tin analysis details), and the other 19 tin-PFPD analysis papers listed below in the tin analysis papers section. I am familiar in person and through Emails with over 16 PFPD tin users and a few of them reported about 0.2 pg tin compound detection limit that is about 100 times more sensitive than FPD, with excellent long term stability.

8. Arsenic Compounds in Petroleum Streams.
The PFPD has a very good arsenic selective detection capability that makes it very useful in the monitoring of catalyst poisoning gases such as arsine and various methyl arsine. The PFPD can also detect simultaneously AsH3 , PH3 and COS (SilicaPLOT or GasPro columns). The optimal As selective detection mode requires R5070 PMT, RG695 filter, 3 mm ID combustor and gate position and gases as in the sulfur mode. With the standard PMT As can be detected with any filter but with slightly reduced sensitivity. Please read our reference 10 and the recent reference 26 and 37 for more details.

9. Manganese in Gasoline.
The PFPD can selectively detect the fuel additive methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl (MMT) at sub ppm levels (far below the 80 ppm allowed in Canada). A Varian application note on this can be found at the Varian list of application notes. Figure 41 in the PFPD blue book also demonstrates this application and a few PFPDs are in service for this application. (please read Ref 10 for details) 

10. General Organometallic Detection.
The PFPD can serve as an alternative to the AED in many organometallic selective detection applications. It can also be used instead of atomic absorption for the simultaneous detection of hydride forming elements (As, Sb, Bi, Te, Se, etc).

11. General use in the Semiconductor Industry.
The PFPD can detect all the elements in use by this industry including P(PH3), S(H2S, SO2), B(B2H6), As(AsH3), Si(SiH4, SiCl4), Ge(GeH4), N(NH3, N2H2), Ga(Ga(CH3)3), In(In(CH3)3) and hydrocarbons. 

12. Vehicle Exhaust Emission Analysis.
The PFPD can uniquely simultaneously detect NO, NO2 and SO2, H2S in various applications of exhaust emission analysis.

13. Beverage Grade CO2 Analysis.
The PFPD can uniquely simultaneously selectively detect SO2, mercaptanes and NH3 in this gas. (SilicaPLOT or GasPro 0.32 mm ID columns, BG3 filter for S+N mode). Many PFPDs are being used for the detection of sulfur gases in beverage grade CO2 and an application note is available upon request.  

14. Coffee (and Beer) Aroma Analysis.
The PFPD can be very effective in coffee production process control through the analysis of sulfur compounds in its aroma fraction (see Wang et al. Chromatographia 17, 411 (1983)). The PFPD can also selectively detect the nitrogen compounds in coffee aroma or powder. An application note on this subject is available on request. Several PFPDs are routinely used in this application by the industry. The PFPD is also used by the industry for the analysis of trace levels of sulfur compounds in beer (reference 18) 

15. Drugs and Organic Synthetic Applications.
The PFPD uniform response enables the quantification of chemical reaction products. The comparison with FID provides N/C molecular content ratio. /p>

16. Explosive Screening and Analysis.
In its nitrogen mode, the PFPD can selectively detect all the explosives including the nitrate esters (unlike NPD). A unique high injection temperature mode enables fast explosive screening via their injector pyrolysis into NO that elutes in a few seconds. The use of a short column with high column flow rate enables the analysis of the full range of explosives including RDX, PETN and Tetryl. An application note on this subject is available on request. /p>

Simultaneous PFPD and MS Detection For Enhanced Pesticide Analysis Capabilities

In the analysis of trace levels of pesticides in complex matrices, mass spectral library identification is often hampered by the co-elution of several matrix compounds.

The PFPD enables simultaneous sulfur and phosphorus information, including the S/P ratio for a given pesticide to supplement and complement mass spectral information.

Simultaneous PFPD-MS analysis is performed with column effluent splitting between these two detectors. The resulting PFPD chromatograms are always much simpler due to its selectivity and are further characterized by better sensitivity than that of the MS. Accordingly, the PFPD chromatogram serves as a marker for the exact elution time of the suspected pesticide. At this exact elution time, the resulting mass spectra are examined for unique high mass peaks and a precise background subtraction is performed for improved library identification. If no definite identification is achieved, reconstructed single ion mass chromatograms are performed on suspected major ions and confirmed with the PFPD chromatogram. A sequential search is then performed with the NIST library. The presence of P and or S atoms is introduced and the suspected two major ion mass peaks are included with a low estimate of their relative abundance. Under these conditions, the library search provides the correct pesticide identification, at considerably lower concentration than that achievable with a standard GC-MS analysis.

If only single ion information is available as in the single ion monitoring mode, the NIST library sequential search is operated with this information and information on both P and S is introduced. The incorporation of one major ion and two heteroatoms P and S information enables the proper library identification, at up to an order of magnitude lower concentration than with the MS alone. Note that the majority of organophosphorus pesticides contains both P and S. Major anticipated applications of this novel PFPD-MS approach are pesticide analysis, CWA detection and unknown sulfur compound identification in complex matrices such as coffee, tea and various food items. An unexpectedly large portion of the PFPDs are sold with GC-MS systems. The PFPD-MS method is further explained in details in references 12.

Fig. 4. PFPD-MS Analysis of Pesticides

Extract-Free Dirty Sample Introduction (DSI) Device for PFPD-GC Analysis (ChromatoProbe).

AA unique device for extract-free sampling was developed by us to supplement and complement the PFPD. It is available from Varian/Bruker with the name ChromatoProbe and by Agilent with the name Thermal Separation Probe (TSP). This novel device and method (USA and Japan patents) is separately described in our ChromatoProbe and SnifProbe page. It is based on sampling in a micro vial and intra GC injector thermal desorption. It was extensively tested in the analysis of pesticides in fruits, vegetables and other food items as well as drugs in urine and hair. This device considerably simplifies sample preparation, enables faster analysis and can further improve the detection sensitivity. It is also very useful in combination with other detectors and as an alternative to a "direct probe" for GC-MS. Recently its use was extended for field gas and airborne sample collection and analysis with the addition of the SnifProbe device.

Publications ( marks recommended PFPD reading) Organized by Year of Publication and Application Type
This section is updated only to 2008

1. A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Detector Method and Apparatus". USA, Patent No. 5153673, Israel patent No. 95617, European patent No 0475250, Japan patent No 2759854.

2. E. Atar, S. Cheskis and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame - A Novel Concept for Molecular Detection", Anal. Chem., 63, 2061-2064 (1991).

3. S. Cheskis, E. Atar and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometer - A Novel Gas Chromatography Detector", Anal. Chem., 65, 539-555 (1993).

4. N. Tzanani and A. Amirav, "The Combined Pulsed Flame Photometric Ionization Detector", Anal. Chem., 67, 167-173 (1995). ).

5. L. Kalontarov, H. Jing, A. Amirav and S. Cheskis, "Mechanism of Sulfur Emission Quenching in Flame Photometric Detectors", J. Chromatog. A. 696, 245-256 (1995).

6. A. Amirav and H. Jing, "Pulsed Flame Photometer Detector for Gas Chromatography", Anal. Chem. 67, 3305-3318 (1995).

7. S. Cheskis, "Mechanism of Sulfur Chemiluminescence Emission in Pulsed Flames" Combustion and Flames 100, 550-558 (1995).

8. I. Brailovsky I, S. Cheskis, and G. Sivashinsky "Dynamical aspects of pulsed flames" Combust. Sci. Technol. 118, 49-62 (1996).

9. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pesticides Analysis with the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector and a Direct Sample Introduction Device", Anal. Chem. 69, 1426-1435 (1997).

10. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector - A Step Forward Towards Universal Heteroatom Selective Detection", J. Chromatog. A. 805, 177-215 (1998).

11. J. A. Jacobsen, F. Stuer-Lauridsen and G. Pritzl, "Organotin Speciation in Environmental Samples by Capillary Chromatography and Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection (PFPD)" Appl. Organometallic. Chem., 11, 737-741 (1997).

12. A. Amirav and H. Jing, "Simultaneous Pulsed Flame Photometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection for Enhanced Pesticide Analysis Capabilities",  J. Chromatog. A. 814, 133-150 (1998).

13. R. D. Snelling, "Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides using gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" Am Lab 30: (4) 32C-+ FEB 1998.

14. J. L. M Vidal, F. J. E Gonzalez, M. M. Galera and M. L. C. Cano "Diminution of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon in tomatoes and green beans grown in greenhouses" J. Agri. Food. Chem. 46, 1440-1444 (1998).

15. H. Schulz, W. Buhringer, F. Ousmanov and P. Waller "Refractory sulfur compounds in gas oils" Fuel. Proc. Technol. 61, 5-41 (1999).

16.  B. P. Williamsa, N. C. Younga, J. Westb, C. R. and G. J. Hutchings "Carbonyl sulphide hydrolysis using alumina catalysts" Catalysis Today 49, 99-104 (1999). 

17. Gad Frishman and Aviv Amirav, "Fast GC-PFPD System for Field Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents" Field. Anal. Chem. Technol. 4, 170-194 (2000).

18. P. G. Hill and R. M. Smith, "Determination of sulphur compounds in beer using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic analysis with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 872, 203-213 (2000).

19. S. Dagan, "Comparison of gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection-mass spectrometry, automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as tools for trace level detection and identification" J. Chromatog. A. 868, 229-247 (2000).

20. X. S. Chai, P. H. Liu, J. Y. Zhu, "Analysis of volatile organic sulphur compounds in kraft liquors by full evaporation headspace gas chromatography" J. Pulp. Pap. Sci. 26, 167-172 (2000).

21. U. Thuss, P. Popp, C. Ehrlich and W. D. Kalkoff, "Identification and quantification of thiaarenes in the flue gas of lignite-fired domestic heating" J. High. Res. Chromatog. 23 457-473 (2000).

22. Alexander Gordin and Aviv Amirav, "SnifProbe - A New Method and Device for Vapor and Gas Sampling" J. Chromatog. A. 903, 155-172 (2000).

23. C. Bancon-Montigny, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier, "Improved routine speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples by pulsed flame photometric detection"J. Chromatog. A. 896, 149-158 (2000).

24. H. L. Chiang, J.H. Tsaib, D.H. Changb and F.T. Jengc, "Diffusion of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan onto microporous alkaline activated carbon" Chemosphere 41, 1227-1232 (2000).

25. F. Rota and R. Prins, "Mechanism of the hydrodenitrogenation of o-toluidine and methylcyclohexylamine over NiMo/Al2O3" Topics in Catalysis 11-12 327–333 (2000)

26. S. Aguerre, G. Lespes, V. Desauziers and M. Potin-Gautier, "Speciation of organotins in environmental samples by SPME-GC: comparison of four specific detectors: FPD, PFPD, MIP-AES and ICP-MS" J. Anal. Atom. Spectros. 16, 263-269 (2001).

27. D. R. Killelea and J. H. Aldstadt III, "Solid-phase microextraction method for gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and pulsed flame photometric detection: studies of organoarsenical speciation" J. Chromatog. A. 918, 169-175 (2001).

28. S. H. Yoon, X. S. Chai, J. Y. Zhu, J. Li and E. W. Malcolm, "In-digester reduction of organic sulfur compounds in kraft pulping" Adv. Environ. Res. 5, 91-98 (2001).

29. G. Frishman, A. Amirav and H. Barak, "Pressure and Gas Composition Effects on the Operation of the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" Israel. J. Chem. 41, 91-97 (2001).

30. L. V. Podhorniak, J. F. Negron and F. D. Griffith "Gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection multiresidue method for organophosphate pesticide and metabolite residues at the parts-per-billion level in representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups" J. AOAC. Int. 84, 873-890 (2001).

31. Aviv Amirav, "The future of GC detectors in the era of mass spectrometer detection" AM LAB 33, 28-34 (2001).

32. J. Westa, B. P. Williamsb, N. Youngb, C. Rhodesa and G. J. Hutchings, "Ni- and Zn-promotion of -Al2O3 for the hydrolysis of COS under mild conditions " Catalysis Communications 2, 135-138 (2001). 

33. A. Cormaa, C. Martínez, G. Ketleyb and G. Blairb "On the mechanism of sulfur removal during catalytic cracking" Applied Catalysis A: General 208, 135-152 (2001). 

34. M. E. H. Torres, F. J. E. Gonzalez, M. L. C. Cano, M. M Frias and J. L. M. Vidal. "Residues of methamidofos, malathion, and methiocarb in greenhouse crops" J. Agri. Food. Chem 50, 1172-1177 (2002).

35. J. L. Gomez-Ariza, F. Mingorance, A. Velasco-Arjona, I. Giraldez, D. Sanchez-Rodas and E. Morales, "Determination of methyltin species in sediments using a pervaporation-gas chromatographic approach" Appl. Organometallic. Chem. 16, 210-215 (2002).

36. J. Zrostlikova, S. J. Lehotay and J. Hajslova, "Simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in animal fat by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric and micro-electron capture detectors" J. Separation. Sci. 25, 527-537 (2002).

37. X. T. Fan, C. H. Sommers, D. W. Thaye and S. J. Lehotay "Volatile sulfur compounds in irradiated precooked turkey breast analyzed with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Agri. Food. Chem. 50, 4257-4261 (2002).

38. D. R. Killelea, J. H. Aldstadt, "Identification of dimethylchloroarsine near a former herbicide factory by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry"
Chemosphere, 48, 1003-1008 (2002)

39. K. Beiner, P. Popp and R.Wennrich, "Selective enrichment of sulfides, thiols and methylthiophosphates from water samples on metal-loaded cation-exchange materials for gas chromatographic analysis" J. Chromatog. A. 968, 171-176 (2002).

40. S. Simon, M. Bueno, G. Lespes, M. Mench and M. Potin-Gautier "Extraction procedure for organotin analysis in plant matrices: optimisation and application" Talanta. 57, 31-43 (2002).

41. M. Kawarai, T. Shirasaki and K. Mizuishi "Analysis of organotin compounds in seawater using GC/pulsed flame photometric detection" Bunseki Kagaku 51, 959-964 (2002).

42. M. Bech, "Imposex and tributyltin contamination as a consequence of the establishment of a marina, and increasing yachting activities at Phuket Island, Thailand" Env. Poll. 117, 421-429 (2002).

43.  R. L. Rouseff "Analytical methods to determine volatile sulfur compounds in foods and beverages" Heteroatomic Aroma Compounds ACS Symposium Series 826, 10-32 (2002).

44.  M. V. Zubkov, B. M. Fuchsb, S. D. Archera, R. P. Kienec, R. Amannb and P. H. Burkilla, "Rapid turnover of dissolved DMS and DMSP by defined bacterioplankton communities in the stratified euphotic zone of the North Sea" Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Volume 49, Issue 15, Pages 3017-3038 (2002).   

45. S. D. Archer, F. J. Gilberta P. D. Nightingalea, M. V. Zubkova, A. H. Taylora, G. C. Smithb and P. H. Burkilla "Transformation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate to dimethyl sulphide during summer in the North Sea with an examination of key processes via a modelling approach" Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Volume 49, Issue 15 , Pages 3067-3101 (2002).

46. J. G. Dreher, R. L. Rouseff, M. Naim "GC-olfactometric characterization of aroma volatiles from the thermal degradation of thiamin in model orange juice" J. Agr. Food. Chem.  51, 3097-3102 (2003). 

47. A. F.L. Godoi, R. C. Montone and M. Santiago-Silva "Determination of butyltin compounds in surface sediments from the Sao Paulo State coast (Brazil) by gas chromatography–pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 985 205-210 (2003).

48. H. Mei, B. W. Mei and T. F. Yen "A new method for obtaining ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel via ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization" FUEL 82, 405-414 (2003). 

49. M. F. Valim, R. L. Rouseff, J. M. Lin "Gas chromatographic-olfactometric characterization of aroma compounds in two types of cashew apple nectar" J. Agr. Food. Chem. 51, 1010-1015 (2003). 

50. M. Le Gac, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier "Rapid determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction" J. Chromatog. A. 999, 123-134 (2003).

51. J. A. Muñoz, E. F. González, L. E. García-Ayuso, A. G. Casado and L. Cuadros-Rodríguez "A new approach to qualitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in cucumber using a double gas chromatographic system: GC-pulsed-flame photometry and retention time locking GC–mass spectrometry" Talanta. 60, 433-447 (2003).

52. F. Lestremau, V. Desauziers, J. C. Roux and J. L. Fanlo "Development of a quantification method for the analysis of malodorous sulphur compounds in gaseous industrial effluents by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 999, 71-80, (2003).

53. A. M. Lisovac and D. Shooter "Volatiles from sheep wool and the modification of wool odour" Small Ruminant Research, 49, 115-124 (2003).

54. J. Strand, J. A. Jacobsen, B. Pedersen and Å Granmo "Butyltin compounds in sediment and molluscs from the shipping strait between Denmark and Sweden" Environmental Pollution 124, 7-15 (2003).

55. A. F. L. Godoi, R. Favoreto,  M. Santiago-Silva "GC Analysis of Organotin Compounds Using Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection and Conventional Flame Photometric Detection" Chromatographia 58, 97-101 (2003).

56. P. X. Xu, D. X. Yuan, S. M Zhong and Q. M. Lin "Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography" Environ. Monit. Assess 87, 155-168 (2003).

57. L. Chambers and M.L. Duffy "Determination of Total and Speciated Sulfur Content in Petrochemical Samples Using a Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" J. Chromatog. Sci. 41, 528-534 (2003).

58. A. De Nino, F. Santelli, N. Servidio, G. Sindona and A. Tagarelli "Identification and assay of organophosphates in organic oranges by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection and ion-trap mass spectrometry" J. AOAC. International. 86, 1003-1007 (2003).

59. E. Tomaszewska and V. R. Herbert "Analysis of O,S-Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphorothioate in Urine, a Specific Biomarker for Methamidophos" J. Agric. Food. Chem.51, 6103-6109 (2003).

60. J. Strand and G. Asmund "Tributyltin accumulation and effects in marine molluscs from West Greenland" Environmental Pollution 123, 31-37 (2003).

61. F. Lestremau, V. Desauziers and J. L. Fanlo "Headspace SPME Followed by GC/PFPD for the Analysis of Malodorous Sulfur Compounds in Liquid Industrial Effluents" Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. 378, 190-196 (2004).

62. E. Ueno, H. Oshima, I. Saito, H. Matsumoto and H. Nakazawa "Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Onion and Welsh Onion by Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" J. Pesticide Sci. 28, 422-428 (2003).

63. G. Lespes, C. Marcic, I. Le Hecho, M. Mench and M. Potin-Gautier "Speciation of organotins in French beans and potatoes cultivated on soils spiked with solutions or amended with a sewage sludge" Electronic Journal of Environmental Agricultural ands Food Chemistry  2004.
 
64. K. F. Schulbach, R. L. Rouseff and C. A. Sims "Changes in Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Strawberry Puree during Heating". J. Food. Sci. 69, 268-272 (2004).

65. X. T. Fan, C. H. Sommers and K. J. B. Sokorai "Ionizing Radiation and Antioxidants Affect Volatile Sulfur Compounds, Lipid Oxidation, and Color of Ready-to-eat Turkey Bologna" J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52, 3509-3515 (2004).

66. R. Bentley and T. G. Chasteen "Environmental VOSCs––Formation and Degradation of Dimethyl Sulfide, Methanethiol and Related Materials" Chemosphere, 55, 291-317 (2004).

67. Ch. Bancon-Montigny, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier "Organotin Survey in the Adour–Garonne Basin" Water Research 38, 933-946 (2004).

68. Y. Zhao, P. Kukula and R. Prins, "Investigation of the Mechanism of the Hydrodenitrogenation of n-hexylamines over Sulfided NiMo/-Al2O3" J. Catalysis, 221, 441-454 (2004). 

69. E. Soboleva and A. Ambrus "Application of a system suitability test for quality assurance and performance optimisation of a gas chromatographic system for pesticide residue analysis" J. Chromatog. A. 1027, 55-65 (2004).

70. K. H. Kim, H. Swanb, Z. H. Shonc, G. Leed, J. Kime and C. H. Kangf "Monitoring of reduced sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of Gosan, Jeju Island during the Spring of 2001" Chemosphere 54, 515-526 (2004).

71. S. H. Tseng, Y. W. Lo, P. C. Chang, S. S. Chou and H. M. Chang "Simultaneous quantification of glyphosate, glufosinate, and their major metabolites in rice and soybean sprouts by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector" J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52, 4057-4063 (2004).

72. M. Levasseur, M. Scarratt, S. Roy, D. Laroche, S. Michaud, G. Cantin, M. Gosselin and A. Vezina "Vertically resolved cycling of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Northwest Atlantic in spring" Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 744-757 (2004).

73. M. Bravo, G. Lespes, I. D. Gregori, H. Pinochet and M. Potin-Gautier, "Identification of sulfur interferences during organotin determination in harbour sediment samples by sodium tetraethyl borate ethylation and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 1046, 217-224 (2004). 

74. J. Ramaprasad, M. Y. Tsai, K. Elgethun, V. R. Hebert, A. Felsot, M. G. Yost and R. A. Fenske "The Washington aerial spray drift study: assessment of off-target organophosphorus insecticide atmospheric movement by plant surface volatilization" Atmospheric Environment 38, 5703 –5713 (2004).

75. K. C. Li and D. Shooter, "Analysis of sulfur-containing compounds in ambient air using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" Int. J. Environ. Anal.Chem. 84, 749-760 (2004).

76. X. Ma, S. Velu, J. H. Kim and C. Song "Deep desulfurization of gasoline by selective adsorption over solid adsorbents and impact of analytical methods on ppm-level sulfur quantification for fuel cell applications" Applied Catalysis B: Environmental xxx, xxx–xxx (2004).

77. A. Corma, J. Y. Chane-Ching, M. Airiau and C. Martínez "Synthesis and catalytic properties of thermally and hydrothermally stable, high-surface-area SiO2–CeO2 mesostructured composite materials and their application for the removal of sulfur compounds from gasoline". J. Catalysis 224, 441-448 (2004).

78. Z. H Shon, K. H. Kim, K. N. Bower, G. Lee and J. Kim "Assessment of the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island during the Asian-dust-storm period in the spring of 2001" Chemosphere. 55, 1127-1142 (2004).

79. T. J. Campbell, A. H. Shaaban, F. H. Holcomb, R. Salavani and M, J. Binder "JP-8 catalytic cracking for compact fuel processors" J. Power Sources., 129, 81-89 (2004).

80. A. R. Roerdink and J. H. Aldstadt III, "Sensitive method for the determination of roxarsone using solid-phase microextraction with multi-detector gas chromatography" J. Chromatog. A., 1057, 177–183 (2004).

81. X. Fan, "Involvement of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Ionizing Radiation-Induced Off-Odor of Fresh Orange Juice" J. Food. Sci. 69, C593-C598 (2004).

82. A. C. Almeida, A. D. R. Wagener, C. B. Maia. and N. Miekeley, "Speciation of organotin compounds in sediment cores from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection". Appl. Oganometallic. Chem., 18, 694-704 (2004).

83. M. J. van der Schans, M. Polhuijs, C. van Dijk, C. E. A. M. Degenhardt, K. Pleijsier, J. P. Langenberg and H. P. Benschop, "Retrospective detection of exposure to nerve agents: analysis of phosphofluoridates originating from fluoride-induced reactivation of phosphylated BuChE" Archives of Toxicology 78, 508-524 (2004).

84. H. M. Burbank and M. C.Qian "Volatile sulfur compounds in Cheddar cheese determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatograph-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 1066, 149-157 (2005).

85. X. L. Ma, S. Velu, J. H. Kim and C. S. Song, "Deep desulfurization of gasoline by selective adsorption over solid adsorbents and impact of analytical methods on ppm-level sulfur quantification for fuel cell applications" Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 56, 137-147 (2005).

86. Z. H. Shon, K. H. Kim, H. Swan, G. Lee and Y. K. Kim, "DMS photochemistry during the Asian dust-storm period in the Spring of 2001: model simulations vs. field observations" Chemosphere. 58, 149-161 (2005).

87. K. H. Kim, Y. J. Choi, E. C. Jeon and Y Sunwoo "Characterization of malodorous sulfur compounds in land fill gas"  Atm. Environ. 39, 1103-1112 (2005).

88. M. Leermakers, J. Nuyttens and W. Baeyens "Organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD)" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381, 1272-1280 (2005).

89. J. P. Le Harle and B. Bellier "Optimisation of the selectivity of a pulsed flame photometric detector for unknown compound screening" J. Chromatog. A. 1087, 124-130 (2005).  

90. N. Mzoughi, G. Lespes, M. Bravo, M. Dachraoui and M. Potin-Gautier "Organotin speciation in Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia)" Science of The Total Environment, 349, 211-222 (2005). 

91. M, Leermakers, J. Nuyttens and W. Baeyens "Organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD)" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381, 1272-1280 (2005).

92. W. E. Lambert, M. Lasarev, J. Muniz, J. Scherer, J. Rothlein, J. Santana, and L. McCauley, "Variation in Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in Urine of Children Living in Agricultural Communities" Environ. Health. Perspect. 113, 504-508 (2005).  

93. M. Hesta, E. Hoornaert, A. Verlinden and G. P. J. Janssens, "The effect of oligofructose on urea metabolism and faecal odour components in cats" J. Animal Physiology & Animal Nutrition. 89. 208-214 (2005).

94. W. E. Lambert, M. Lasarev, J. Muniz, J. Scherer, J. Rothlein, J. Santana, and L. McCauley, "Variation in Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in Urine of Children Living in Agricultural Communities" Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 504-508 (2005).

95. Y. Fang and M. C. Qian, "Sensitive quantification of sulfur compounds in wine by headspace solid-phase microextraction technique" J. Chromatog A, 1080, 177-185 (2005). 

96. G. Karvaly, A. Gachalyi and J.  Furesz,  Quantitative analysis of the sulfur mustard hydrolysis product thiodiglycol (2,2 '-sulfobisethanol) in in vivo microdialysates using gas chromatography coupled with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog Sci 43, 319-323 (2005).

97. J. T. LePage, V. R. Hebert, E. M. Tomaszewska, J. E. Rothlein and L. McCauley, "Determination of acephate in human urine", J. AOAC. Int. 88, 1788-1792 (2005).  

98. M. Bravo, G. Lespes, I. De Gregori, H. Pinochet and M. P. Gautier, "Determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD)" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383, 1082-1089 (2005). 

99. H. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, X. F. Wang and H. M. Hao, "Determination of Lewisite in ambient air and water by solid phase microextraction-pulsed flame photometric detector" Chinese J. Anal. Chem. 33, 1479-1482 (2005). 

100. K. H. Kim, "Some insights into the gas chromatographic determination of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in air" Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 6765-6769 (2005).

101. J. Strand, M. M. Larsen and C. Lockyer,  "Accumulation of organotin compounds and mercury in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Danish waters and West Greenland" Sci. Total. Environ. 350, 59-71 (2005). 

102.  K. H. Kim, D. W. Ju and S. W. Joo, "The evaluation of recovery rate associated with the use of thermal desorption systems for the analysis of atmospheric reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) using the GC/PFPD method" Talanta, 67, 955-959 (2005).  

103. G. P. Yang, M. Levasseur, S. Michaud and M. Scarratt, "Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of the western North Atlantic during spring" Marine. Chem. 96, 315-329 (2005).

104. Z. H. Shon, K. H. Kim, E. C. Jeon, M. Y. Kim, Y. K. Kim and S. K. Song, "Photochemistry of reduced sulfur compounds in a landfill environment" Atm. Environ. 39, 4803-4814 (2005).   

105. O. Elizalde-Solis and L. A. Galicia-Luna, "Solubility of thiophene in carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide + 1-propanol mixtures at temperatures from 313 to 363 K" Fluid. Phase. Equilibria. 230, 51-57 (2005).  

106. Y. F. Tang, Y. X. Wang, H. S. Cai, and B. J. Merkel, "Analysis of Trace Organophosphorous Pesticide in Water Using Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" J. Agro-Environment Sci. 24, 201-205, (2005).

107. M. Hesta, E. Hoornaert, A. Verlinden and G. P. J. Janssens "The effect of oligofructose on urea metabolism and faecal odour components in cats" J. Animal. Physiol. Animal. Nutri. 89, 208 (2005).

108. C. Marcic, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier, " "Pressurised solvent extraction for organotin speciation in vegetable matrices" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382, 1574-1583 (2005). 

109. K. Karan, A. K. Mehrotra and  L. A. Behie, "Thermal Decomposition Of Carbonyl Sulfide At Temperatures Encountered In The Front End Of Modified Claus Plant"Chem. Eng. Commun. 192. 370-385 (2005).

110. B. Yu, P. Xu, Q. Shi and C. Ma, "Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Oil and Crude Oils by a Newly Isolated Rhodococcus erythropolis Strain" Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 54-58 (2006).   

111. M. El Ati-Hellal, G. Lespes and M. Dachraoui, "Determination of organotins in aquatic plants by headspace SPME followed by GC-PFPD determination" Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 86, 733-742 (2006).

112. P. A. Vazquez-Landaverde, J. A. Torres and M. C. Qian, "Quantification of trace volatile sulfur compounds in milk by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Dairy. Sci. 89, 2919-2927 (2006). 

113. K. H. Kim, " A dual-mode GC analysis of reduced sulphur compounds in air over a wide concentration range" Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 86, 805-817 (2006).   

114. K. H. Kim, "The properties of calibration errors in the analysis of reduced sulfur compounds by the combination of a loop injection system and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" Anal. Chim. Acta. 566, 75-80 (2006).

115. K. H. Kim, G. H. Choi, Y. J. Choi, H. N. Song, H. S. Yang and J. M. Oh, "The effects of sampling materials selection in the collection of reduced sulfur compounds in air" Talanta, 68, 1713-1719 (2006).  

116. M. Janska, S. J. Lehotay, K. Mastovska, J. Hajslova, T. Alon and A. Amirav, "A simple and inexpensive "solvent in silicone tube extraction" approach and its evaluation in the gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables" J. Sep. Sci. 29, 66-80, (2006).  

117. J. Rothlein, D. Rohlman, M. Lasarev, J. Phillips, J. Muniz, and L. McCauley, "Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Performance in Agricultural and Nonagricultural Hispanic Workers" Environ. Health. Perspect. 114, 691–696 (2006). 

118. C. Marcic, I. Le Hecho, L. Denaix and G. Lespes, "TBT and TPhT persistence in a sludged soil" Chemosphere

120. G. Amita, L. Gaidukov, R. Adani, S. Yishay, G. Yacov, M. Kushnir, S. Teitlboim, M. Lindenbaum, P. Bel, O. Khersonsky, D. S. Tawfik, and H. Meshulam "Enhanced stereoselective hydrolysis of toxic organophosphates by directly evolved variants of mammalian serum paraoxonase" FEBS JOURNAL 273, 1906-1919 (2006).

121. C. Vermeulen, I. Lejeune, T. T. H. Tran, and S. Collin, "Occurrence of polyfunctional thiols in fresh lager beers" J. Agricul. Food Chem. 54, 5061-5068 (2006).

122. T. Zuliani, G. Lespes, R. Milacic, J. Scancar and M Potin-Gautier "Influence of the soil matrices on the analytical performance of headspace solid-phase microextraction for organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatogr. A. 1132, 234-240 (2006).

123. P. A. Vazquez-Landaverde, J. A. Torres and M. C. Qian "Effect of high-pressure-moderate-temperature processing on the volatile profile of milk" J. Agricul Food Chem. 54, 9184-9192 (2006). 

124. C. B. Yeoh, A. Kuntom, S. Dorasamy, M. R. Omar, M. Y. M. Nor and M. R. M. Noh "Determination of acephate, methamidophos and monocrotophos in crude palm oil" Euro. J. Lipid Sci Technol. 108, 960-964 (2006).

125. L. J. J. Catalan, V. Liang and C. O. Jia, "Comparison of various detection limit estimates for volatile sulphur compounds by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatogr. A. 1136, 89-98 (2006).

126. I. M. Salvador, A. G. Frenich, F. J. E. Gonzalez and J. L. M. Vidal "Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables by GC with pulsed flame-photometric detection, and confirmation by MS" Chromatographia 64, 667-672 (2006).

127. G. Bouvier, O. Blanchard, I. Momas and N Seta, "Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides: Application to occupationally and non-occupationally exposed adult populations" J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidem. 16. 417-226 (2006). 

128. K. H. Kim, J. W. Ahn, Y. J. Choi and H. T. Nguyen "The loss patterns of reduced sulfur compounds in contact with different tubing materials" J. Chromatogr. A., 1132, 228-233 (2006)

129. K. H. Kim, Y. J. Choi, S. I. Oh, J. H. Sa, E. C. Jeon and Y. S. Koo "Short-term distributions of reduced sulfur compounds in the ambient air surrounding a large landfill facility" Environ. Monitor. Assess. 121, 343-354 (2006). 

130 K. H. Kim "A study of sorptive loss patterns for reduced sulfur compounds in the use of the bag sampling method" Environ. Monitor. Assess. 123, 259-269 (2006). 

131. K. Mahattanatawee, P. R. Perez-Cacho, T. Davenport and R. Rouseff "Comparison of three lychee cultivar odor profiles using gas chromatography-olfactometry and gas chromatography-sulfur detection" J. Agricul Food Chem. 55, 1939-1944 (2007). 

132. P. R. Perez-Cacho, K. Mahattanatawee, J. M. Smoot and R. Rouseff, "Identification of sulfur volatiles in canned orange juices lacking orange flavor" J. Agricul. Food. Chem. 55, 5761-5767 (2007).

133. R. Lopez, A. C. Lapena, J. Cacho and V.  Ferreira, "Quantitative determination of wine highly volatile sulfur compounds by using automated headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection - Critical study and optimization of a new procedure" J. Chromatogr. A. 1143, 8-15 (2007).

134. O. Etemadi, and T. F. Yen "Selective adsorption in ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process for fuel cell reformer applications" Energy & Fuels 21, 2250-2257 (2007).

135. C. A. Impellitteri O. Evans and B. Ravel, "Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation" J. Environ. Monitor 9, 358-365 (2007).

136. K. Sasamoto, N. Ochiai and H. Kanda "Dual low thermal mass gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for fast dual-column separation of pesticides in complex sample" Talanta 72, 1637-1643 (2007).

137. S. H. Tseng, Y. J. Lin, H. F. Lee, S. C. Su, S. S. Chou and D. F. Hwang, "A multiresidue method for determining 136 pesticides and metabolites in fruits and vegetables: Application of macroporous diatomaceous earth column" J. Food Drug. Anal. 15, 316-324 (2007).  

138. C. A. Impellitteri, O. Evans and B. Ravel, "Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC- PFPD after derivatisation" J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 358-365 (2007).

139. Y. Kong, L. Lin, J. Yang, D. Shi, H. Qu, K. Xie and L. Li "FCC gasoline desulfurization by pervaporation: Effects of gasoline components" J. Membrane Sci. 293, 36-43 (2007).

140. M. Li, D. X. Yuan, Q. L. Li and X. Y. Jin "Sequential analysis of dimethyl sulfur compounds in seawater" Chinese Chem. Lett. 18, 99-102 (2007).

141. H. Hu, S. E. Mylon and G. Benoit "Volatile organic sulfur compounds in a stratified lake" Chemosphere 67, 911-919 (2007).

142. K. H. Kim, E. C. Jeon, Y. S. Koo, M. S. Im and Y. H. Youn "An on-line analysis of reduced sulfur gases in the ambient air surrounding a large industrial complex" Atm. Environ. 41, 3829-3840 (2007).

143. A. Bradman et. Al. "Pesticides and their Metabolites in the Homes and Urine of Farmworker Children Living in the Salinas Valley, CA" J. Exposure Sci. and Environ. Epidemiology 17, 331–349 (2007).

144. S. K. Song  et. al. "Monitoring of atmospheric reduced sulfur compounds and their oxidation in two coastal landfill areas" Atm, Environ. 41,  974-988 (2007).

145. Ph. Hofmann et. al. "High temperature electrolyte supported Ni-GDC/YSZ/LSM SOFC operation on two-stage Viking gasifier product gas" J. Power Sources  173, 357-366 (2007).

146. M. Xiaoliang, A. Zhou and C. Song, "A novel method for oxidative desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels based on catalytic oxidation using molecular oxygen coupled with selective adsorption" Catalysis Today 123, 276-284 (2007).

147. W. Wang, S. Q. Turn, V. Keffer and A. Douette, "Study of process data in autothermal reforming of LPG using multivariate data analysis" Chem. Eng. J.  129, 11-19 (2007).

148. M. W. Wan and T. F. Yen "Enhance efficiency of tetraoctylammonium fluoride applied to ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process" Appl. Catalysis A: General 319, 237-245 (2007).

149. T. W. Sawyer et. al. "pH-dependent toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro" Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 221, 363-371 (2007).

150. F. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Feng, X. Cai and P. Xu "Biodesulfurization of DBT in tetradecane and crude oil by a facultative thermophilic bacterium Mycobacterium goodii X7B" J. Biotechnol. 127, 222-228 (2007).

151. L. Lin, Y. Kong, J, Yang, D, Shi, K, Xie and Y, Zhang "Scale-up of pervaporation for gasoline desulphurization Part 1. Simulation and design" J. Membrane Sci. 298, 1-13 (2007).

152. L. Wang, S. Wang and Q. Yuan "Removal of carbon disulfide via coupled reactions on a bi-functional catalyst: Experimental and modeling results" Chemosphere 69, 1689-1694 (2007).

153. P. Nelson, A. Burczyk and T.W. Sawyer, "Lack of a role for creatine phosphate kinase in sulphur mustard-induced cytotoxicity" Human & Experimental Toxicology, 26, 891-897 (2007).

154. P. A. Vasquez-Landaverde, M. C. Qian and J. A. Torres "Kinetic Analysis of Volatile Formation in Milk Subjected to Pressure-Assisted Thermal Treatments" J. Food Sci. 72 E389 - E398 (2007).

155. H.T. Kim, S. M. Kim, K. W. Jun, Y. S. Yoon and J. H. Kim "Desulfurization of odorant-containing gas: Removal of t-butylmercaptan on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3" Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3603-3608 (2007).

156. R.V.R.A. Rios, J. Silvestre-Albero, A. Sepתlveda-Escribano and F. Rodrםguez-Reinoso "Liquid phase removal of propanethiol by activated carbon: Effect of porosity and functionality" Colloids and Surfaces A: 300, 180-190 (2007).

157. F. Al-Shahrani et. al. "Desulfurization of diesel via the H2O2 oxidation of aromatic sulfides to sulfones using a tungstate catalyst" Appl. Catalysis B: Environmental 73, 311-316 (2007).

158. P. R. Perez-Cacho, K. Mahattanatawee, J, M. Smoot and R, Rouseff "Identification of Sulfur Volatiles in Canned Orange Juices Lacking Orange Flavor" J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 5761 -5767, (2007). 

158. Y. Zhang, S. N. Liss and D. G. Allen "Enhancing and modeling the biofiltration of dimethyl sulfide under dynamic methanol addition" Chem. Eng. Sci. 62, 2474-2481 (2007).

159. M. G. Scarratt, M. Levasseur, S. Michaud and S. Roy "DMSP and DMS in the Northwest Atlantic: Late-summer distributions, production rates and sea-air fluxes"  Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 69, 292-304 (2007).

160. O. Etemadi and T. F. Yen "Selective Adsorption in Ultrasound-Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization Process for Fuel Cell Reformer Applications" Energy Fuels, 21 2250 -2257 (2007).

161. K. Mahattanatawee, P. R. Perez-Cacho, T. Davenport and R. Rouseff "Comparison of Three Lychee Cultivar Odor Profiles Using Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry and Gas Chromatography-Sulfur Detection" J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1939 -1944 (2007).

162. C. A. Impellitteri, O. Evans and B. Ravel, "Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation"  J. Environ. Monit., 9, 358-365 (2007).

163. L. J. J. Catalan, C. Walton and C. Q. Jia "Effects of process changes on concentrations of individual malodorous sulphur compounds in ambient air near a Kraft pulp plant in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada" Air Pollution XV. Vol. I, pp. 437-447 (2007).

164. J. Heroult, T. Zuliani, M. Bueno, L. Denaix and G. Lespes "Analytical advances in butyl-, phenyl- and octyltin speciation analysis in soil by GC-PFPD" Talanta, 75, 486-493 (2008).

165. T. Zuliani, G. Lespes, R. Milačič, J. Ščančar and M. Potin-Gautier "Comprehensive study of the parameters influencing the detection of organotin compounds by a pulsed flame photometric detector in sewage sludge" J. Chromatogr. A, 1188, 281-285 (2008).

166. S. Trabue, K. Scoggin, F. Mitloehner, H. Li, R. Burns and H. Xin "Field sampling method for quantifying volatile sulfur compounds from animal feeding operations" Atm. Environ. 42, 3332-3341 (2008).  (PFPD-MS)

166. J. Heroult, M. Bueno, M. Potin-Gautier and G. Lespes,  "Organotin speciation in French brandies and wines by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography—Pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatogr. A, 1180, 122-130 (2008).

167. S. K. Pandey, K. H. Kim, "The fundamental properties of the direct injection method in the analysis of gaseous reduced sulfur by gas chromatography with a pulsed flame photometric detector" Anal. Chim. Acta, 615, 165-173 (2008).

168. H. Burbank and M. C. Qian, "Development of volatile sulfur compounds in heat-shocked and pasteurized milk cheese" Int. Dairy J. 18, 811-818 (2008).

169. J. F. Felizzola, A. D. R. Wagener,  A. C. Almeida and W. O. Lin, "Butyltin speciation in sediments from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil) by GC-PFPD" QUIMICA NOVA 31 89-93 (2008).

170. Y. F. Zhao, K. X. Zhao and Y. N. Wu, "Determination of organotins in aquatic food by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. AOAC Int. 91, 653-659 (2008).

171. K. H. Kim, "A method to test the detectability of GC/PFPD for an extended concentration range with respect to reduced sulfur compounds" J. SEP. SCI. 31, 1761-1768 (2008).

171. H. Li, S. R. Jia and W. J. Zhang,  "Rapid determination of low-level sulfur compounds in beer by headspace gas chromatography with a pulsed flame photometric detector" J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 66, 188-191 (2008).

172. V. Selvavathi, A. Meenakshisundaram, B. Sairam and B. Sivasankar, "Kinetics of oxidative desulfurization of sulfur compounds in diesel fuel" Petrol. Sci. Tech. 26, 208-216 (2008).

173. K. Dai, T. Y. Peng, H. Chen, R. X. Zhang and Y. X. Zhangi, "Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of commercial methamidophos in aqueous Titania suspension" Environ. Sci. Tech. 42, 1505-1510 (2008).   

174. S. Dubascoux, J. Heroult, I. L. Hecho, M. Potin-Gautier and G. Lespes, "Evaluation of a combined fractionation and speciation approach for study of size-based distribution of organotin species on environmental colloids" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390, 1805-1813 (2008).

175 A. Macken et. al. "An integrated approach to the toxicity assessment of Irish marine sediments: Validation of established marine bioassays for the monitoring of Irish marine sediments" Environ. Int. 34, 1023-1032 (2008).

176. S. Belviso et. al. "Effect of natural iron fertilisation on the distribution of DMS and DMSP in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean" Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 55, 893-900 (2008).

177. J. F. Muniz et. al. "Biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers: A pilot study" Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 227, 97-107 (2008).

178. Y. Xiao, S. Wang, D. Wu and Q. Yuan "Experimental and simulation study of hydrogen sulfide adsorption on impregnated activated carbon under anaerobic conditions" J. Hazard. Materials 153, 1193-1200 (2008).

179. Y. Lu, J. Chen, Y. Liu, Q. Xue and M. He "Highly sulfur-tolerant Pt/Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 catalyst for steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons in fuel cell applications" J. Catalysis 254, 39-48 (2008).

180. G. J. Daglish and H. Pavic "Effect of phosphine dose on sorption in wheat" Pest Management Science 64, 513 – 518 (2008).

181. L. Lin et. al. "Polyethylene glycol/polyurethane blend membranes for gasoline desulphurization by pervaporation technique" Sep. Purific. Tech. 61, 293-300 (2008).

182. B. H. Gilroyed, C. Chang, A. Chu and X. Hao "Effect of temperature on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen gas production from feedlot cattle manure using mixed microflora" Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 4301-4308 (2008).

183. L. Wang, S. Wang, Q. Yuan and G. Lu "COS hydrolysis in the presence of oxygen: Experiment and modeling" J. Natural Gas Chem. 17, 93-97 (2008).

184. K.H. Kim and S. Y. Park "A comparative analysis of malodor samples between direct (olfactometry) and indirect (instrumental) methods" Atmospheric Environment 42, 5061-5070 (2008).

185. G. De Nola, J. Kibby and W. Mazurek Determination of ortho-cresyl phosphate isomers of tricresyl phosphate used in aircraft turbine engine oils by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry" J. Chromatogr. A 1200, 211-216 (2008).

186. D. Lee, E. Y. Ko, H. C. Lee, S. Kim and E. D. Park "Adsorptive removal of tetrahydrothiophene (THT) and tert-butylmercaptan (TBM) using Na-Y and AgNa-Y zeolites for fuel cell applications" Applied Catalysis A: General, 334, 129-136 (2008).

187. S. Hernבndez, L. Solarino, G. Orsello, N. Russo, D. Fino, G. Saracco and V. Specchia "Desulfurization processes for fuel cells systems" Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 3209-3214 (2008).

188. S. Vreysen, A. Maes and H. Wullaert "Removal of organotin compounds, Cu and Zn from shipyard wastewaters by adsorption – flocculation: A technical and economical analysis" Marine Pollution Bulletin 56, 106-115 (2008).

189. K. L. Ding, S. Y. LI, C. T. Yue and N. N. Zhong "A simulation on the formation of organic sulfur compounds in petroleum from thermochemical sulfate reduction" J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 36, 48-54 (2008).

190. F. J. Schenck, A. N. Brown, L. V. Podhorniak, A. Parker, M. Reliford and J. W. Wong "A Rapid Multiresidue Method for Determination of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables by Using Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and Solid-Phase Extraction Column Cleanup" J. AOAC Int. 91, 422-438 (2008).

191. Y. F. Zhao, K. X.  Zhao and Y. N. Wu "Determination of Organotins in Aquatic Food by Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection" J. AOAC Int. 91, 653-659-(2008).

192. M. V. Hobe et. al. "Automated in situ analysis of volatile sulfur gases using a Sulfur Gas Analyser (SUGAR) based on cryogenic trapping and gas-chromatographic separation" Environ. Anal. Chem. 88, 303-315 (2008)

193. S. K. Pandey and K. H. Kim "Comparison of different calibration approaches in the application of thermal desorption technique: A test on gaseous reduced sulfur compounds" Microchemical J. (in Press)

PFPD Development and Features

1. A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Detector Method and Apparatus". USA, Patent No. 5153673, Israel patent No. 95617, European patent No 0475250, Japan patent No 2759854

2. E. Atar, S. Cheskis and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame - A Novel Concept for Molecular Detection", Anal. Chem., 63, 2061-2064 (1991).

3. S. Cheskis, E. Atar and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometer - A Novel Gas Chromatography Detector", Anal. Chem., 65, 539-555 (1993).

4. N. Tzanani and A. Amirav, "The Combined Pulsed Flame Photometric Ionization Detector", Anal. Chem., 67, 167-173 (1995).

5. L. Kalontarov, H. Jing, A. Amirav and S. Cheskis, "Mechanism of Sulfur Emission Quenching in Flame Photometric Detectors", J. Chromatog. A. 696, 245-256 (1995).

6. A. Amirav and H. Jing, "Pulsed Flame Photometer Detector for Gas Chromatography", Anal. Chem. 67, 3305-3318 (1995).

7. S. Cheskis, "Mechanism of Sulfur Chemiluminescence Emission in Pulsed Flames" Combustion and Flames 100, 550-558 (1995).

8. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pesticides Analysis with the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector and a Direct Sample Introduction Device", Anal. Chem. 69, 1426-1435 (1997).

9. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector - A Step Forward Towards Universal Heteroatom Selective Detection", J. Chromatog. A. 805, 177-215 (1998).

10. A. Amirav and H. Jing, "Simultaneous Pulsed Flame Photometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection for Enhanced Pesticide Analysis Capabilities", J. Chromatog. A. 814, 133-150 (1998).

11. Gad Frishman and Aviv Amirav, "Fast GC-PFPD System for Field Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents" Field. Anal. Chem. Technol. 4, 170-194 (2000).

12. G. Frishman, A. Amirav and H. Barak, "Pressure and Gas Composition Effects on the Operation of the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" Israel. J. Chem. 41, 91-97 (2001).

13. Alexander Gordin and Aviv Amirav, "SnifProbe - A New Method and Device for Vapor and Gas Sampling" J. Chromatog. A. 903, 155-172 (2000).

14. Aviv Amirav, "The future of GC detectors in the era of mass spectrometer detection" AM LAB 33, 28-34 (2001).

Simultaneous PFPD and MS

1. A. Amirav and H. Jing, "Simultaneous Pulsed Flame Photometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection for Enhanced Pesticide Analysis Capabilities", J. Chromatog. A. 814, 133-150 (1998).

2. S. Dagan, "Comparison of gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection-mass spectrometry, automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as tools for trace level detection and identification" J. Chromatog. A. 868, 229-247 (2000).

3. U. Thuss, P. Popp, C. Ehrlich and W. D. Kalkoff, "Identification and quantification of thiaarenes in the flue gas of lignite-fired domestic heating" J. High. Res. Chromatog. 23 457-473 (2000).

4. D. R. Killelea and J. H. Aldstadt III, "Solid-phase microextraction method for gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and pulsed flame photometric detection: studies of organoarsenical speciation" J. Chromatog. A. 918, 169-175 (2001).

5. D. R. Killelea, J. H. Aldstadt, "Identification of dimethylchloroarsine near a former herbicide factory by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry"
Chemosphere, 48, 1003-1008 (2002)

6. J. A. Muñoz, E. F. González, L. E. García-Ayuso, A. G. Casado and L. Cuadros-Rodríguez "A new approach to qualitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in cucumber using a double gas chromatographic system: GC-pulsed-flame photometry and retention time locking GC–mass spectrometry" Talanta. 60, 433-447 (2003).

7. A. De Nino, F. Santelli, N. Servidio, G. Sindona and A. Tagarelli "Identification and assay of organophosphates in organic oranges by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection and ion-trap mass spectrometry" J. AOAC. International. 86, 1003-1007 (2003).

8. A. R. Roerdink and J. H. Aldstadt III, "Sensitive method for the determination of roxarsone using solid-phase microextraction with multi-detector gas chromatography" J. Chromatog. A, 1057, 177–183 (2004).

9. I. M. Salvador, A. G. Frenich, F. J. E. Gonzalez and J. L. M. Vidal "Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables by GC with pulsed flame-photometric detection, and confirmation by MS" Chromatographia 64, 667-672 (2006).

10. K. Sasamoto, N. Ochiai and H. Kanda "Dual low thermal mass gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for fast dual-column separation of pesticides in complex sample" Talanta 72, 1637-1643 (2007).

11. S. Trabue, K. Scoggin, F. Mitloehner, H. Li, R. Burns and H. Xin "Field sampling method for quantifying volatile sulfur compounds from animal feeding operations" Atm. Environ. 42, 3332-3341 (2008).

Sulfur Gaseous Compounds - Industrial and Environmental Analyses with the PFPD

1. B. P. Williamsa, N. C. Younga, J. Westb, C. R. and G. J. Hutchings "Carbonyl sulphide hydrolysis using alumina catalysts" Catalysis Today 49, 99-104 (1999).

2. X. S. Chai, P. H. Liu, J. Y. Zhu, "Analysis of volatile organic sulphur compounds in kraft liquors by full evaporation headspace gas chromatography" J. Pulp. Pap. Sci. 26, 167-172 (2000).

3. Alexander Gordin and Aviv Amirav, "SnifProbe - A New Method and Device for Vapor and Gas Sampling" J. Chromatog. A. 903, 155-172 (2000).

4. H. L. Chiang, J.H. Tsaib, D.H. Changb and F.T. Jengc, "Diffusion of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan onto microporous alkaline activated carbon" Chemosphere 41, 1227-1232 (2000).

5. F. Rota and R. Prins, "Mechanism of the hydrodenitrogenation of o-toluidine and methylcyclohexylamine over NiMo/Al2O3" Topics in Catalysis 11-12 327–333 (2000)

6. S. H. Yoon, X. S. Chai, J. Y. Zhu, J. Li and E. W. Malcolm, "In-digester reduction of organic sulfur compounds in kraft pulping" Adv. Environ. Res. 5, 91-98 (2001).

7. K. Beiner, P. Popp and R.Wennrich, "Selective enrichment of sulfides, thiols and methylthiophosphates from water samples on metal-loaded cation-exchange materials for gas chromatographic analysis" J. Chromatog. A. 968, 171-176 (2002).

8. M. V. Zubkov, B. M. Fuchsb, S. D. Archera, R. P. Kienec, R. Amannb and P. H. Burkilla, "Rapid turnover of dissolved DMS and DMSP by defined bacterioplankton communities in the stratified euphotic zone of the North Sea" Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Volume 49, Issue 15, Pages 3017-3038 (2002).

9. S. D. Archer, F. J. Gilberta P. D. Nightingalea, M. V. Zubkova, A. H. Taylora, G. C. Smithb and P. H. Burkilla "Transformation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate to dimethyl sulphide during summer in the North Sea with an examination of key processes via a modelling approach" Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Volume 49, Issue 15 , Pages 3067-3101 (2002).

10. F. Lestremau, V. Desauziers, J. C. Roux and J. L. Fanlo "Development of a quantification method for the analysis of malodorous sulphur compounds in gaseous industrial effluents by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 999, 71-80, (2003).

11. A. M. Lisovac and D. Shooter "Volatiles from sheep wool and the modification of wool odour" Small Ruminant Research, 49, 115-124 (2003).

12. L. Chambers and M.L. Duffy "Determination of Total and Speciated Sulfur Content in Petrochemical Samples Using a Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" J. Chromatog. Sci. 41, 528-534 (2003).

13. F. Lestremau, V. Desauziers and J. L. Fanlo "Headspace SPME Followed by GC/PFPD for the Analysis of Malodorous Sulfur Compounds in Liquid Industrial Effluents" Anal. and Bioanal. Chem. 378, 190-196 (2004).

14. R. Bentley and T. G. Chasteen "Environmental VOSCs––Formation and Degradation of Dimethyl Sulfide, Methanethiol and Related Materials" Chemosphere, 55, 291-317 (2004).

15. K. H. Kim, H. Swanb, Z. H. Shonc, G. Leed, J. Kime and C. H. Kangf "Monitoring of reduced sulfur compounds in the atmosphere of Gosan, Jeju Island during the Spring of 2001" Chemosphere 54, 515-526 (2004).

16. M. Levasseur, M. Scarratt, S. Roy, D. Laroche, S. Michaud, G. Cantin, M. Gosselin and A. Vezina "Vertically resolved cycling of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Northwest Atlantic in spring" Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 744-757 (2004).

17. K. C. Li and D. Shooter, "Analysis of sulfur-containing compounds in ambient air using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" Int. J. Environ. Anal.Chem. 84, 749-760 (2004).

18. Z.H Shon, K.H. Kim, K. N. Bower, G. Lee and J. Kim "Assessment of the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island during the Asian-dust-storm period in the spring of 2001" Chemosphere. 55, 1127-1142 (2004).

19. Z. H. Shon, K. H. Kim, H. Swan, G. Lee and Y. K. Kim, "DMS photochemistry during the Asian dust-storm period in the Spring of 2001: model simulations vs. field observations" Chemosphere 58, 149-161 (2005).

20. K. H. Kim, Y. J. Choi, E. C. Jeon and Y Sunwoo "Characterization of malodorous sulfur compounds in land fill gas" Atm. Environ. 39, 1103-1112 (2005).

21. M. Hesta, E. Hoornaert, A. Verlinden and G. P. J. Janssens, "The effect of oligofructose on urea metabolism and faecal odour components in cats" J. Animal Physiology & Animal Nutrition. 89. 208-214 (2005).

22. K. H. Kim, "Some insights into the gas chromatographic determination of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in air" Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 6765-6769 (2005).

23. K. H. Kim, D. W. Ju and S. W. Joo, "The evaluation of recovery rate associated with the use of thermal desorption systems for the analysis of atmospheric reduced sulfur compounds (RSC) using the GC/PFPD method" Talanta, 67, 955-959 (2005).

24. G. P. Yang, M. Levasseur, S. Michaud and M. Scarratt, "Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of the western North Atlantic during spring" Marine. Chem. 96, 315-329 (2005).

25. Z. H. Shon, K. H. Kim, E. C. Jeon, M. Y. Kim, Y. K. Kim and S. K. Song, "Photochemistry of reduced sulfur compounds in a landfill environment" Atm. Environ. 39, 4803-4814 (2005).

26. O. Elizalde-Solis and L. A. Galicia-Luna, "Solubility of thiophene in carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide + 1-propanol mixtures at temperatures from 313 to 363 K" Fluid. Phase. Equilibria. 230, 51-57 (2005).

27. M. Hesta, E. Hoornaert, A. Verlinden and G. P. J. Janssens "The effect of oligofructose on urea metabolism and faecal odour components in cats" J. Animal. Physiol. Animal. Nutri. 89, 208 (2005).

28. K. Karan, A. K. Mehrotra and L. A. Behie, "Thermal Decomposition Of Carbonyl Sulfide At Temperatures Encountered In The Front End Of Modified Claus Plant"Chem. Eng. Commun. 192. 370-385 (2005).

29. K. H. Kim, " A dual-mode GC analysis of reduced sulphur compounds in air over a wide concentration range" Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 86, 805-817 (2006).

30. K. H. Kim, "The properties of calibration errors in the analysis of reduced sulfur compounds by the combination of a loop injection system and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" Anal. Chim. Acta. 566, 75-80 (2006).

31. K. H. Kim, G. H. Choi, Y. J. Choi, H. N. Song, H. S. Yang and J. M. Oh, "The effects of sampling materials selection in the collection of reduced sulfur compounds in air" Talanta, 68, 1713-1719 (2006).

32, L. J. J. Catalan, V. Liang and C. O. Jia, "Comparison of various detection limit estimates for volatile sulphur compounds by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatogr. A. 1136, 89-98 (2006).

33.. K. H. Kim, Y. J. Choi, S. I. Oh, J. H. Sa, E. C. Jeon and Y. S. Koo "Short-term distributions of reduced sulfur compounds in the ambient air surrounding a large landfill facility" Environ. Monitor. Assess. 121, 343-354 (2006).

34. K. H. Kim, J. W. Ahn, Y. J. Choi and H. T. Nguyen "The loss patterns of reduced sulfur compounds in contact with different tubing materials" J. Chromatogr. A., 1132, 228-233 (2006).

35 K. H. Kim "A study of sorptive loss patterns for reduced sulfur compounds in the use of the bag sampling method" Environ. Monitor. Assess. 123, 259-269 (2006).

34. M. Li, D. X. Yuan, Q. L. Li and X. Y. Jin "Sequential analysis of dimethyl sulfur compounds in seawater" Chinese Chem. Lett. 18, 99-102 (2007).

35. H. Hu, S. E. Mylon and G. Benoit "Volatile organic sulfur compounds in a stratified lake" Chemosphere 67, 911-919 (2007).

36. K. H. Kim, E. C. Jeon, Y. S. Koo, M. S. Im and Y. H. Youn "An on-line analysis of reduced sulfur gases in the ambient air surrounding a large industrial complex" Atm. Environ. 41, 3829-3840 (2007).

37. S. K. Song et. al. "Monitoring of atmospheric reduced sulfur compounds and their oxidation in two coastal landfill areas" Atm, Environ. 41, 974-988 (2007).

38. L. Wang, S. Wang and Q. Yuan "Removal of carbon disulfide via coupled reactions on a bi-functional catalyst: Experimental and modeling results" Chemosphere 69, 1689-1694 (2007).

39. H.T. Kim, S. M. Kim, K. W. Jun, Y. S. Yoon and J. H. Kim "Desulfurization of odorant-containing gas: Removal of t-butylmercaptan on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3" Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3603-3608 (2007).

40. Y. Zhang, S. N. Liss and D. G. Allen "Enhancing and modeling the biofiltration of dimethyl sulfide under dynamic methanol addition" Chem. Eng. Sci. 62, 2474-2481 (2007).

41. M. G. Scarratt, M. Levasseur, S. Michaud and S. Roy "DMSP and DMS in the Northwest Atlantic: Late-summer distributions, production rates and sea-air fluxes" Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries, 69, 292-304 (2007).

42. L. J. J. Catalan, C. Walton and C. Q. Jia "Effects of process changes on concentrations of individual malodorous sulphur compounds in ambient air near a Kraft pulp plant in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada" Air Pollution XV. Vol. I, pp. 437-447 (2007).

43. S. Trabue, K. Scoggin, F. Mitloehner, H. Li, R. Burns and H. Xin "Field sampling method for quantifying volatile sulfur compounds from animal feeding operations" Atm. Environ. 42, 3332-3341 (2008).

44. S. K. Pandey, K. H. Kim, "The fundamental properties of the direct injection method in the analysis of gaseous reduced sulfur by gas chromatography with a pulsed flame photometric detector" Anal. Chim. Acta, 615, 165-173 (2008).

45. K. H. Kim, "A method to test the detectability of GC/PFPD for an extended concentration range with respect to reduced sulfur compounds" J. Sep. Sci. 31, 1761-1768 (2008).

46. H. Li, S. R. Jia and W. J. Zhang, "Rapid determination of low-level sulfur compounds in beer by headspace gas chromatography with a pulsed flame photometric detector" J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 66, 188-191 (2008).

47. S. Belviso et. al. "Effect of natural iron fertilisation on the distribution of DMS and DMSP in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean" Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 55, 893-900 (2008).

48. Y. Xiao, S. Wang, D. Wu and Q. Yuan "Experimental and simulation study of hydrogen sulfide adsorption on impregnated activated carbon under anaerobic conditions" J. Hazard. Materials 153, 1193-1200 (2008).

49. B. H. Gilroyed, C. Chang, A. Chu and X. Hao "Effect of temperature on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen gas production from feedlot cattle manure using mixed microflora" Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 4301-4308 (2008).

50. L. Wang, S. Wang, Q. Yuan and G. Lu "COS hydrolysis in the presence of oxygen: Experiment and modeling" J. Natural Gas Chem. 17, 93-97 (2008).

51. K.H. Kim and S. Y. Park "A comparative analysis of malodor samples between direct (olfactometry) and indirect (instrumental) methods" Atmospheric Environment 42, 5061-5070 (2008).

52. D. Lee, E. Y. Ko, H. C. Lee, S. Kim and E. D. Park "Adsorptive removal of tetrahydrothiophene (THT) and tert-butylmercaptan (TBM) using Na-Y and AgNa-Y zeolites for fuel cell applications" Applied Catalysis A: General, 334, 129-136 (2008).

53. S. Hernבndez, L. Solarino, G. Orsello, N. Russo, D. Fino, G. Saracco and V. Specchia "Desulfurization processes for fuel cells systems" Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 3209-3214 (2008).

54. M. V. Hobe et. al. "Automated in situ analysis of volatile sulfur gases using a Sulfur Gas Analyser (SUGAR) based on cryogenic trapping and gas-chromatographic separation" Environ. Anal. Chem. 88, 303-315 (2008).

55. S. K. Pandey and K. H. Kim "Comparison of different calibration approaches in the application of thermal desorption technique: A test on gaseous reduced sulfur compounds" Microchemical J. (in Press)

Sulfur in Petrochemicals Analysis with the PFPD

1. H. Schulz, W. Buhringer, F. Ousmanov and P. Waller "Refractory sulfur compounds in gas oils" Fuel. Proc. Technol. 61, 5-41 (1999).
2. B. P. Williamsa, N. C. Younga, J. Westb, C. R. and G. J. Hutchings "Carbonyl sulphide hydrolysis using alumina catalysts" Catalysis Today 49, 99-104 (1999).

3. U. Thuss, P. Popp, C. Ehrlich and W. D. Kalkoff, "Identification and quantification of thiaarenes in the flue gas of lignite-fired domestic heating" J. High. Res. Chromatog. 23 457-473 (2000).

4. J. Westa, B. P. Williamsb, N. Youngb, C. Rhodesa and G. J. Hutchings, "Ni- and Zn-promotion of -Al2O3 for the hydrolysis of COS under mild conditions " Catalysis Communications 2, 135-138 (2001).

5. A. Cormaa, C. Martínez, G. Ketleyb and G. Blairb "On the mechanism of sulfur removal during catalytic cracking" Applied Catalysis A: General 208, 135-152 (2001).

6. H. Mei, B. W. Mei and T. F. Yen "A new method for obtaining ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel via ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization" FUEL 82, 405-414 (2003).

7. L. Chambers and M.L. Duffy "Determination of Total and Speciated Sulfur Content in Petrochemical Samples Using a Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" J. Chromatog. Sci. 41, 528-534 (2003).

8. Y. Zhao, P. Kukula and R. Prins, "Investigation of the Mechanism of the Hydrodenitrogenation of n-hexylamines over Sulfided NiMo/-Al2O3" J. Catalysis, 221, 441-454 (2004).

9. X. Ma, S. Velu, J. H. Kim and C. Song "Deep desulfurization of gasoline by selective adsorption over solid adsorbents and impact of analytical methods on ppm-level sulfur quantification for fuel cell applications" Applied Catalysis B: Environmental xxx, xxx–xxx (2004).

10. A. Corma, J. Y. Chane-Ching, M. Airiau and C. Martínez "Synthesis and catalytic properties of thermally and hydrothermally stable, high-surface-area SiO2–CeO2 mesostructured composite materials and their application for the removal of sulfur compounds from gasoline". J. Catalysis 224, 441-448 (2004).

11. T. J. Campbell, A. H. Shaaban, F. H. Holcomb, R. Salavani and M, J. Binder "JP-8 catalytic cracking for compact fuel processors" J. Power Sources 129, 81-89 (2004).

12. X. Ma, S. Velu, J. H. Kim and C. Song, "Deep desulfurization of gasoline by selective adsorption over solid adsorbents and impact of analytical methods on ppm-level sulfur quantification for fuel cell applications" Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 56 137-147 (2005).

13. O. Elizalde-Solis and L. A. Galicia-Luna, "Solubility of thiophene in carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide + 1-propanol mixtures at temperatures from 313 to 363 K" Fluid. Phase. Equilibria. 230, 51-57 (2005).

14. B. Yu, P. Xu, Q. Shi and C. Ma, "Deep Desulfurization of Diesel Oil and Crude Oils by a Newly Isolated Rhodococcus erythropolis Strain" Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 54-58 (2006).

15. O. Etemadi, and T. F. Yen "Selective adsorption in ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process for fuel cell reformer applications" Energy & Fuels 21, 2250-2257 (2007).

16. Y. Kong, L. Lin, J. Yang, D. Shi, H. Qu, K. Xie and L. Li "FCC gasoline desulfurization by pervaporation: Effects of gasoline components" J. Membrane Sci. 293, 36-43 (2007).

17. Ph. Hofmann et. al. "High temperature electrolyte supported Ni-GDC/YSZ/LSM SOFC operation on two-stage Viking gasifier product gas" J. Power Sources 173, 357-366 (2007).

18. M. Xiaoliang, A. Zhou and C. Song, "A novel method for oxidative desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels based on catalytic oxidation using molecular oxygen coupled with selective adsorption" Catalysis Today 123, 276-284 (2007).

19. W. Wang, S. Q. Turn, V. Keffer and A. Douette, "Study of process data in autothermal reforming of LPG using multivariate data analysis" Chem. Eng. J. 129, 11-19 (2007).

20. M. W. Wan and T. F. Yen "Enhance efficiency of tetraoctylammonium fluoride applied to ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process" Appl. Catalysis A: General 319, 237-245 (2007).

21. F. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Feng, X. Cai and P. Xu "Biodesulfurization of DBT in tetradecane and crude oil by a facultative thermophilic bacterium Mycobacterium goodii X7B" J. Biotechnol. 127, 222-228 (2007).

22. L. Lin, Y. Kong, J, Yang, D, Shi, K, Xie and Y, Zhang "Scale-up of pervaporation for gasoline desulphurization Part 1. Simulation and design" J. Membrane Sci. 298, 1-13 (2007).

23. R.V.R.A. Rios, J. Silvestre-Albero, A. Sepתlveda-Escribano and F. Rodrםguez-Reinoso "Liquid phase removal of propanethiol by activated carbon: Effect of porosity and functionality" Colloids and Surfaces A: 300, 180-190 (2007).

24. F. Al-Shahrani et. al. "Desulfurization of diesel via the H2O2 oxidation of aromatic sulfides to sulfones using a tungstate catalyst" Appl. Catalysis B: Environmental 73, 311-316 (2007).

25. O. Etemadi and T. F. Yen "Selective Adsorption in Ultrasound-Assisted Oxidative Desulfurization Process for Fuel Cell Reformer Applications" Energy Fuels, 21 2250 -2257 (2007).

26. V. Selvavathi, A. Meenakshisundaram, B. Sairam and B. Sivasankar, "Kinetics of oxidative desulfurization of sulfur compounds in diesel fuel" Petrol. Sci. Tech. 26, 208-216 (2008).

27. K. Dai, T. Y. Peng, H. Chen, R. X. Zhang and Y. X. Zhangi, "Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of commercial methamidophos in aqueous Titania suspension" Environ. Sci. Tech. 42, 1505-1510 (2008).

28. Y. Lu, J. Chen, Y. Liu, Q. Xue and M. He "Highly sulfur-tolerant Pt/Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 catalyst for steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbons in fuel cell applications" J. Catalysis 254, 39-48 (2008).

29. L. Lin et. al. "Polyethylene glycol/polyurethane blend membranes for gasoline desulphurization by pervaporation technique" Sep. Purific. Tech. 61, 293-300 (2008).

30. K. L. Ding, S. Y. LI, C. T. Yue and N. N. Zhong "A simulation on the formation of organic sulfur compounds in petroleum from thermochemical sulfate reduction" J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 36, 48-54 (2008).

Sulfur Compound Analysis in Food Beverage and Aroma with the PFPD

1. P. G. Hill and R. M. Smith, "Determination of sulphur compounds in beer using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic analysis with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 872, 203-213 (2000).

2. Alexander Gordin and Aviv Amirav, "SnifProbe - A New Method and Device for Vapor and Gas Sampling" J. Chromatog. A. 903, 155-172 (2000).

3. X. T. Fan, C. H. Sommers, D. W. Thaye and S. J. Lehotay "Volatile sulfur compounds in irradiated precooked turkey breast analyzed with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Agri. Food. Chem. 50, 4257-4261 (2002).

4. R. L. Rouseff "Analytical methods to determine volatile sulfur compounds in foods and beverages" Heteroatomic Aroma Compounds ACS Symposium Series 826, 10-32 (2002).

5. J. G. Dreher, R. L. Rouseff, M. Naim "GC-olfactometric characterization of aroma volatiles from the thermal degradation of thiamin in model orange juice" J. Agr. Food. Chem. 51, 3097-3102 (2003).

6. M. F. Valim, R. L. Rouseff, J. M. Lin "Gas chromatographic-olfactometric characterization of aroma compounds in two types of cashew apple nectar" J. Agr. Food. Chem. 51, 1010-1015 (2003).

7. K. F. Schulbach, R. L. Rouseff and C. A. Sims "Changes in Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Strawberry Puree during Heating". J. Food. Sci. 69, 268-272 (2004).

8. X. T. Fan, C. H. Sommers and K. J. B. Sokorai "Ionizing Radiation and Antioxidants Affect Volatile Sulfur Compounds, Lipid Oxidation, and Color of Ready-to-eat Turkey Bologna" J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52, 3509-3515 (2004).

9. X. Fan, "Involvement of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Ionizing Radiation-Induced Off-Odor of Fresh Orange Juice" J. Food. Sci. 69, C593-C598 (2004).

10. H. M. Burbank and M. C.Qian "Volatile sulfur compounds in Cheddar cheese determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatograph-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A., 1066, 149-157 (2005).

11. Y. Fang and M. C. Qian, "Sensitive quantification of sulfur compounds in wine by headspace solid-phase microextraction technique" J. Chromatog A, 1080, 177-185 (2005).

12. P. A. Vazquez-Landaverde, J. A. Torres and M. C. Qian, "Quantification of trace volatile sulfur compounds in milk by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Dairy. Sci. 89, 2919-2927 (2006).

13. M. Poliak, M. Kochman, A. Gordin and A. Amirav "A Comparison of SnifProbe and SPME for Aroma Sampling" Chromatographia 2006 (In Press).

14. C. Vermeulen, I. Lejeune, T. T. H. Tran, and S. Collin, "Occurrence of polyfunctional thiols in fresh lager beers" J. Agricul. Food Chem. 54, 5061-5068 (2006)

15. P. A. Vazquez-Landaverde, J. A. Torres and M. C. Qian "Effect of high-pressure-moderate-temperature processing on the volatile profile of milk" J. Agricul Food Chem. 54, 9184-9192 (2006).

16. K. Mahattanatawee, P. R. Perez-Cacho, T. Davenport and R. Rouseff "Comparison of three lychee cultivar odor profiles using gas chromatography-olfactometry and gas chromatography-sulfur detection" J. Agricul Food Chem. 55, 1939-1944 (2007).

17. R. Lopez, A. C. Lapena, J. Cacho and V. Ferreira, "Quantitative determination of wine highly volatile sulfur compounds by using automated headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection - Critical study and optimization of a new procedure" J. Chromatogr. A. 1143, 8-15 (2007).

18. P. R. Perez-Cacho, K. Mahattanatawee, J. M. Smoot and R. Rouseff, "Identification of sulfur volatiles in canned orange juices lacking orange flavor" J. Agricul. Food. Chem. 55, 5761-5767 (2007).

19. P. A. Vasquez-Landaverde, M. C. Qian and J. A. Torres "Kinetic Analysis of Volatile Formation in Milk Subjected to Pressure-Assisted Thermal Treatments" J. Food Sci. 72 E389 - E398 (2007).

20. P. R. Perez-Cacho, K. Mahattanatawee, J, M. Smoot and R, Rouseff "Identification of Sulfur Volatiles in Canned Orange Juices Lacking Orange Flavor" J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 5761 -5767, (2007).

21. K. Mahattanatawee, P. R. Perez-Cacho, T. Davenport and R. Rouseff "Comparison of Three Lychee Cultivar Odor Profiles Using Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry and Gas Chromatography-Sulfur Detection" J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1939 -1944 (2007).

22. H. Burbank and M. C. Qian, "Development of volatile sulfur compounds in heat-shocked and pasteurized milk cheese" Int. Dairy J. 18, 811-818 (2008).

Pesticide Analysis with the PFPD

1. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pesticides Analysis with the Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector and a Direct Sample Introduction Device", Anal. Chem. 69, 1426-1435 (1997).

2. A. Amirav and H. Jing, "Simultaneous Pulsed Flame Photometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection for Enhanced Pesticide Analysis Capabilities", J. Chromatog. A. 814, 133-150 (1998).

3. R. D. Snelling, "Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides using gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" Am Lab 30: (4) 32C-+ FEB 1998.

4. J. L. M Vidal, F. J. E Gonzalez, M. M. Galera and M. L. C. Cano "Diminution of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon in tomatoes and green beans grown in greenhouses" J. Agri. Food. Chem. 46, 1440-1444 (1998).

5. S. Dagan, "Comparison of gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection-mass spectrometry, automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as tools for trace level detection and identification" J. Chromatog. A. 868, 229-247 (2000).

6. L. V. Podhorniak, J. F. Negron and F. D. Griffith "Gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection multiresidue method for organophosphate pesticide and metabolite residues at the parts-per-billion level in representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups" J. AOAC. Int. 84, 873-890 (2001).

7. M. E. H. Torres, F. J. E. Gonzalez, M. L. C. Cano, M. M Frias and J. L. M. Vidal. "Residues of methamidofos, malathion, and methiocarb in greenhouse crops" J. Agri. Food. Chem 50, 1172-1177 (2002).

8. J. Zrostlikova, S. J. Lehotay and J. Hajslova, "Simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in animal fat by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric and micro-electron capture detectors" J. Separation. Sci. 25, 527-537 (2002).

9. J. A. Muñoz, E. F. González, L. E. García-Ayuso, A. G. Casado and L. Cuadros-Rodríguez "A new approach to qualitative analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in cucumber using a double gas chromatographic system: GC-pulsed-flame photometry and retention time locking GC–mass spectrometry" Talanta. 60, 433-447 (2003).

10. P. X. Xu, D. X. Yuan, S. M Zhong and Q. M. Lin "Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography" Environ. Monit. Assess 87, 155-168 (2003).

11. A. De Nino, F. Santelli, N. Servidio, G. Sindona and A. Tagarelli "Identification and assay of organophosphates in organic oranges by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection and ion-trap mass spectrometry" J. AOAC. International. 86, 1003-1007 (2003).

12. E. Tomaszewska and V. R. Herbert "Analysis of O,S-Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphorothioate in Urine, a Specific Biomarker for Methamidophos" J. Agric. Food. Chem.51, 6103-6109 (2003).

13. E. Ueno, H. Oshima, I. Saito, H. Matsumoto and H. Nakazawa "Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Onion and Welsh Onion by Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector" J. Pesticide Sci. 28, 422-428 (2003).

14. E. Soboleva and A. Ambrus "Application of a system suitability test for quality assurance and performance optimisation of a gas chromatographic system for pesticide residue analysis" J. Chromatog. A. 1027, 55-65 (2004).

15. S. H. Tseng, Y. W. Lo, P. C. Chang, S. S. Chou and H. M. Chang "Simultaneous quantification of glyphosate, glufosinate, and their major metabolites in rice and soybean sprouts by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector" J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52, 4057-4063 (2004).

16. J. Ramaprasad, M. Y. Tsai, K. Elgethun, V. R. Hebert, A. Felsot, M. G. Yost and R. A. Fenske "The Washington aerial spray drift study: assessment of off-target organophosphorus insecticide atmospheric movement by plant surface volatilization" Atmospheric Environment 38, 5703 –5713 (2004).

17. W. E. Lambert, M. Lasarev, J. Muniz, J. Scherer, J. Rothlein, J. Santana, and L. McCauley, "Variation in Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in Urine of Children Living in Agricultural Communities" Environ. Health. Perspect. 113, 504-508 (2005).

18. W. E. Lambert, M. Lasarev, J. Muniz, J. Scherer, J. Rothlein, J. Santana, and L. McCauley, "Variation in Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in Urine of Children Living in Agricultural Communities" Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 504-508 (2005).
19. J. T. LePage, V. R. Hebert, E. M. Tomaszewska, J. E. Rothlein and L. McCauley, "Determination of acephate in human urine", J. AOAC. Int. 88, 1788-1792 (2005).

20. M. Janska, S. J. Lehotay, K. Mastovska, J. Hajslova, T. Alon and A. Amirav, "A simple and inexpensive "solvent in silicone tube extraction" approach and its evaluation in the gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables" J. Sep. Sci. 29, 66-80, (2006).

21. J. Rothlein, D. Rohlman, M. Lasarev, J. Phillips, J. Muniz, and L. McCauley, "Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Performance in Agricultural and Nonagricultural Hispanic Workers" Environ. Health. Perspect. 114, 691–696 (2006).

22. C. B. Yeoh, A. Kuntom, S. Dorasamy, M. R. Omar, M. Y. M. Nor and M. R. M. Noh "Determination of acephate, methamidophos and monocrotophos in crude palm oil" Euro. J. Lipid Sci Technol. 108, 960-964 (2006).

23. G. Bouvier, O. Blanchard, I. Momas and N Seta, "Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides: Application to occupationally and non-occupationally exposed adult populations" J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidem. 16. 417-226 (2006).

24. I. M. Salvador, A. G. Frenich, F. J. E. Gonzalez and J. L. M. Vidal "Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables by GC with pulsed flame-photometric detection, and confirmation by MS" Chromatographia 64, 667-672 (2006).

25. S. H. Tseng, Y. J. Lin, H. F. Lee, S. C. Su, S. S. Chou and D. F. Hwang, "A multiresidue method for determining 136 pesticides and metabolites in fruits and vegetables: Application of macroporous diatomaceous earth column" J. Food Drug. Anal. 15, 316-324 (2007).

26. A. Bradman et. Al. "Pesticides and their Metabolites in the Homes and Urine of Farmworker Children Living in the Salinas Valley, CA" J. Exposure Sci. and Environ. Epidemiology 17, 331–349 (2007).

27. G. J. Daglish and H. Pavic "Effect of phosphine dose on sorption in wheat" Pest Management Science 64, 513 – 518 (2008).

28. G. De Nola, J. Kibby and W. Mazurek Determination of ortho-cresyl phosphate isomers of tricresyl phosphate used in aircraft turbine engine oils by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry" J. Chromatogr. A 1200, 211-216 (2008).

Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Analysis with the PFPD

1. Gad Frishman and Aviv Amirav, "Fast GC-PFPD System for Field Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents" Field. Anal. Chem. Technol. 4, 170-194 (2000).

2. M. J. van der Schans, M. Polhuijs, C. van Dijk, C. E. A. M. Degenhardt, K. Pleijsier, J. P. Langenberg and H. P. Benschop, "Retrospective detection of exposure to nerve agents: analysis of phosphofluoridates originating from fluoride-induced reactivation of phosphylated BuChE" Archives of Toxicology 78, 508-524 (2004).

3. J. P. Le Harle and B. Bellier "Optimisation of the selectivity of a pulsed flame photometric detector for unknown compound screening" J. Chromatog. A. 1087, 124-130 (2005).

4. G. Karvaly, A. Gachalyi and J. Furesz, Quantitative analysis of the sulfur mustard hydrolysis product thiodiglycol (2,2 '-sulfobisethanol) in in vivo microdialysates using gas chromatography coupled with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog Sci 43, 319-323 (2005).
5. H. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, X. F. Wang and H. M. Hao, "Determination of Lewisite in ambient air and water by solid phase microextraction-pulsed flame photometric detector" Chinese J. Anal. Chem. 33, 1479-1482 (2005).

6. G. Amita, L. Gaidukov, R. Adani, S. Yishay, G. Yacov, M. Kushnir, S. Teitlboim, M. Lindenbaum, P. Bel, O. Khersonsky, D. S. Tawfik, and H. Meshulam "Enhanced stereoselective hydrolysis of toxic organophosphates by directly evolved variants of mammalian serum paraoxonase" FEBS JOURNAL 273, 1906-1919 (2006).

7. T. W. Sawyer et. al. "pH-dependent toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro" Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 221, 363-371 (2007).

8. P. Nelson, A. Burczyk and T.W. Sawyer, "Lack of a role for creatine phosphate kinase in sulphur mustard-induced cytotoxicity" Human & Experimental Toxicology, 26, 891-897 (2007).

9. F. J. Schenck, A. N. Brown, L. V. Podhorniak, A. Parker, M. Reliford and J. W. Wong "A Rapid Multiresidue Method for Determination of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables by Using Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and Solid-Phase Extraction Column Cleanup" J. AOAC Int. 91, 422-438 (2008).

Organotin Compound Analysis with the PFPD

1. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector - A Step Forward Towards Universal Heteroatom Selective Detection", J. Chromatog. A. 805, 177-215 (1998).
2. J. A. Jacobsen, F. Stuer-Lauridsen and G. Pritzl, "Organotin Speciation in Environmental Samples by Capillary Chromatography and Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection (PFPD)" Appl. Organometallic. Chem., 11, 737-741 (1997).

3. C. Bancon-Montigny, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier, "Improved routine speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples by pulsed flame photometric detection"J. Chromatog. A. 896, 149-158 (2000).

4. S. Aguerre, G. Lespes, V. Desauziers and M. Potin-Gautier, "Speciation of organotins in environmental samples by SPME-GC: comparison of four specific detectors: FPD, PFPD, MIP-AES and ICP-MS" J. Anal. Atom. Spectros. 16, 263-269 (2001).

5. J. L. Gomez-Ariza, F. Mingorance, A. Velasco-Arjona, I. Giraldez, D. Sanchez-Rodas and E. Morales, "Determination of methyltin species in sediments using a pervaporation-gas chromatographic approach" Appl. Organometallic. Chem. 16, 210-215 (2002).

6. S. Simon, M. Bueno, G. Lespes, M. Mench and M. Potin-Gautier "Extraction procedure for organotin analysis in plant matrices: optimisation and application" Talanta. 57, 31-43 (2002).

7. M. Kawarai, T. Shirasaki and K. Mizuishi "Analysis of organotin compounds in seawater using GC/pulsed flame photometric detection" Bunseki Kagaku 51, 959-964 (2002).

8. M. Bech, "Imposex and tributyltin contamination as a consequence of the establishment of a marina, and increasing yachting activities at Phuket Island, Thailand" Env. Poll. 117, 421-429 (2002).

9. A. F.L. Godoi, R. C. Montone and M. Santiago-Silva "Determination of butyltin compounds in surface sediments from the Sao Paulo State coast (Brazil) by gas chromatography–pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 985 205-210 (2003).

10. M. Le Gac, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier "Rapid determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction" J. Chromatog. A. 999, 123-134 (2003).

11. J. Strand, J. A. Jacobsen, B. Pedersen and Å Granmo "Butyltin compounds in sediment and molluscs from the shipping strait between Denmark and Sweden" Environmental Pollution 124, 7-15 (2003).

12. A. F. L. Godoi, R. Favoreto, M. Santiago-Silva "GC Analysis of Organotin Compounds Using Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection and Conventional Flame Photometric Detection" Chromatographia 58, 97-101 (2003).

13. J. Strand and G. Asmund "Tributyltin accumulation and effects in marine molluscs from West Greenland" Environmental Pollution 123, 31-37 (2003).

14. G. Lespes, C. Marcic, I. Le Hecho, M. Mench and M. Potin-Gautier "Speciation of organotins in French beans and potatoes cultivated on soils spiked with solutions or amended with a sewage sludge" Electronic Journal of Environmental Agricultural ands Food Chemistry 2004.

15. Ch. Bancon-Montigny, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier "Organotin Survey in the Adour–Garonne Basin" Water Research 38, 933-946 (2004).

16. M. Bravo, G. Lespes, I. D. Gregori, H. Pinochet and M. Potin-Gautier, "Identification of sulfur interferences during organotin determination in harbour sediment samples by sodium tetraethyl borate ethylation and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatog. A. 1046, 217-224 (2004).

17. A. C. Almeida, A. D. R. Wagener, C. B. Maia. and N. Miekeley, "Speciation of organotin compounds in sediment cores from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection". Appl. Oganometallic Chem.18, 694-704 (2004).

18. M. Leermakers, J. Nuyttens and W. Baeyens "Organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD)" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. (In Press) (2005)

19. N. Mzoughi, G. Lespes, M. Bravo, M. Dachraoui and M. Potin-Gautier "Organotin speciation in Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia)" Science of The Total Environment, 349, 211-222 (2005).

20. M, Leermakers, J. Nuyttens and W. Baeyens "Organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD)" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381, 1272-1280 (2005).

21. M. Bravo, G. Lespes, I. De Gregori, H. Pinochet and M. P. Gautier, "Determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD)" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383, 1082-1089 (2005).

22. J. Strand, M. M. Larsen and C. Lockyer, "Accumulation of organotin compounds and mercury in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Danish waters and West Greenland" Sci. Total. Environ. 350, 59-71 (2005).

23. C. Marcic, G. Lespes and M. Potin-Gautier, " "Pressurised solvent extraction for organotin speciation in vegetable matrices" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382, 1574-1583 (2005).

24. M. El Ati-Hellal, G. Lespes and M. Dachraoui, "Determination of organotins in aquatic plants by headspace SPME followed by GC-PFPD determination" Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 86, 733-742 (2006).

25. C. Marcic, I. Le Hecho, L. Denaix and G. Lespes, "TBT and TPhT persistence in a sludged soil" Chemosphere 65, 2322-2332 (2006).

26. T. Zuhani, G. Lespes, R. Milacic, J. Scancar and M Potin-Gautier "Influence of the soil matrices on the analytical performance of headspace solid-phase microextraction for organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatogr. A. 1132, 234-240 (2006).

27. C. A. Impellitteri O. Evans and B. Ravel, "Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation" J. Environ. Monitor 9, 358-365 (2007).

28. C. A. Impellitteri, O. Evans and B. Ravel, "Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC- PFPD after derivatisation" J. Environ. Monitor. 9, 358-365 (2007).

29. C. A. Impellitteri, O. Evans and B. Ravel, "Speciation of organotins in polyvinyl chloride pipe via X-ray absorption spectroscopy and in leachates using GC-PFPD after derivatisation" J. Environ. Monit., 9, 358-365 (2007).

30. J. Heroult, T. Zuliani, M. Bueno, L. Denaix and G. Lespes "Analytical advances in butyl-, phenyl- and octyltin speciation analysis in soil by GC-PFPD" Talanta, 75, 486-493 (2008).

31. T. Zuliani, G. Lespes, R. Milačič, J. Ščančar and M. Potin-Gautier "Comprehensive study of the parameters influencing the detection of organotin compounds by a pulsed flame photometric detector in sewage sludge" J. Chromatogr. A, 1188, 281-285 (2008).

32. J. Heroult, M. Bueno, M. Potin-Gautier and G. Lespes, "Organotin speciation in French brandies and wines by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography—Pulsed flame photometric detection" J. Chromatogr. A, 1180, 122-130 (2008).

33. J. F. Felizzola, A. D. R. Wagener, A. C. Almeida and W. O. Lin, "Butyltin speciation in sediments from Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil) by GC-PFPD" QUIMICA NOVA 31 89-93 (2008).

34. Y. F. Zhao, K. X. Zhao and Y. N. Wu, "Determination of organotins in aquatic food by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection" J. AOAC Int. 91, 653-659 (2008).

35. S. Dubascoux, J. Heroult, I. L. Hecho, M. Potin-Gautier and G. Lespes, "Evaluation of a combined fractionation and speciation approach for study of size-based distribution of organotin species on environmental colloids" Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390, 1805-1813 (2008).

36 A. Macken et. al. "An integrated approach to the toxicity assessment of Irish marine sediments: Validation of established marine bioassays for the monitoring of Irish marine sediments" Environ. Int. 34, 1023-1032 (2008).

37. S. Vreysen, A. Maes and H. Wullaert "Removal of organotin compounds, Cu and Zn from shipyard wastewaters by adsorption – flocculation: A technical and economical analysis" Marine Pollution Bulletin 56, 106-115 (2008).

38. F. Zhao, K. X. Zhao and Y. N. Wu "Determination of Organotins in Aquatic Food by Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection" J. AOAC Int. 91, 653-659-(2008).

Organoarsenical Compound Analysis with the PFPD

1. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector - A Step Forward Towards Universal Heteroatom Selective Detection", J. Chromatog. A. 805, 177-215 (1998).

2. D. R. Killelea and J. H. Aldstadt III, "Solid-phase microextraction method for gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and pulsed flame photometric detection: studies of organoarsenical speciation" J. Chromatog. A. 918, 169-175 (2001).

3. D. R. Killelea, J. H. Aldstadt III, "Identification of dimethylchloroarsine near a former herbicide factory by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry"
Chemosphere, 48, 1003-1008 (2002).

4. A. R. Roerdink and J. H. Aldstadt III, "Sensitive method for the determination of roxarsone using solid-phase microextraction with multi-detector gas chromatography" J. Chromatog. A, 1057, 177–183 (2004).

5. H. Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, X. F. Wang and H. M. Hao, "Determination of Lewisite in ambient air and water by solid phase microextraction-pulsed flame photometric detector" Chinese J. Anal. Chem. 33, 1479-1482 (2005).

General Heteroatom and Additional Analyses with the PFPD

1. H. Jing and A. Amirav, "Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector - A Step Forward Towards Universal Heteroatom Selective Detection", J. Chromatog. A. 805, 177-215 (1998).

2. Aviv Amirav, "The future of GC detectors in the era of mass spectrometer detection" AM LAB 33, 28-34 (2001).