A 9-year-old boy was identified in childhood as having an elevated sweat chloride. Though he appeared to be a normal term baby, his neontal course was complicated by the development of meconium ileus. Throughout childhood he has experienced multiple increasingly severe bouts of pneumonia with a productive cough, often with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and later Pseudomonas cepacea, cultured from sputum. Based upon these findings, he is at greatest risk for development of which of the following pulmonary abnormalities?

A Adenocarcinoma

B Bronchiectasis

C Lymphangiectasis

D Pleural plaques

E Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii) pneumonia

F Pneumothorax

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A 70-year-old woman has been at an extended care facility for the past two years because of her increasing inability to attend to activities of daily living. She can no longer recognize family members. She has no movement disorder, but is lethargic and spends most of her days in a wheelchair or in bed. She develops an acute febrile illness and is noted to be coughing up increasing quantities of yellowish sputum. Her temperature is 38.2 C. A chest radiograph is done which shows infiltrates that nearly fill the left lower lobe. Her family elects not to treat her acute illness, and she dies 4 days later. At autopsy, there is extensive consolidation of the left lower lobe, with numerous neutrophils within alveoli. Which of the following infectious agents is most likely to cause her pulmonary disease?

A Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)

B Listeria monocytogenes

C Cryptococcus neoformans

D Mycobacterium tuberculosis

E Legionella pneumophila

F Staphylococcus aureus

G Streptococcus pneumoniae

H Influenza A

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A 9-year-old girl has complained of difficulty breathing for over the past week. Her vital signs include T 37.9 C, P 80/minute, RR 25/minute, and BP 110/60 mm Hg. On physical examination, her lung fields are clear to auscultation. Her heart rate is regular and no murmurs or gallops are heard. A chest radiograph shows prominent hilar lymphadenopathy along with a 1 cm peripheral right lung nodule in the middle lobe. No infiltrates or masses are present. A sputum gram stain shows normal flora and routine bacterial culture reveals no pathogens. Which of the following conditions is she most likely to have?

A Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

B Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

C Bronchial carcinoid tumor

D Infective endocarditis

E Goodpasture syndrome

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On the 11th postoperative day following a radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate, a 70-year-old man is recovering uneventfully. He then ambulates to the bathroom, but upon returning to his bed he suddenly becomes extremely dyspneic and diaphoretic, with palpitations and a feeling of panic. Which of the following post-operative complications has he most likely developed?

A Pulmonary edema

B Pleural effusion

C Atelectasis

D Pulmonary embolus

E Diffuse alveolar damage

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A 50-year-old woman has lived in Oslo, Norway all her life and worked as a seamstress. She is a non-smoker, but she has had increasing shortness of breath, fever, weight loss, and night sweats for the past 4 months. On physical examination her temperature is 37.6 C. There are fine rales auscultated in all lung fields. A chest radiograph reveals hilar lymphadenopathy and a reticulonodular pattern in all lung fields. She demonstrates anergy by skin testing to mumps and Candida antigens. A transbronchial biopsy is performed and microscopically demonstrates numerous small pulmonary interstitial non-caseating granulomas. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A Histoplasmosis

B Adenocarcinoma

C Sarcoidosis

D Usual interstitial pneumonitis

E Berylliosis

F Tuberculosis

G Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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A 36-year-old woman has had increasing dyspnea for 8 years. She has no cough or increased sputum production. On physical examination there is hyperresonance to percussion. A chest radiograph reveals increased lung volumes with flattening of the diaphragmatic leaves bilaterally. The right heart border is more prominent than usual. A chest CT scan demonstrates emphysematous changes in all lung fields. Which of the following laboratory findings is she most likely to have?

A Decreased serum ceruloplasmin

B Increased sweat chloride

C Elevated blood ethanol

D Decreased serum alpha-1-antitrypsin

E Positive urine opiates

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A 55-year-old man with a 55 pack year history of smoking cigarettes has recently experienced an episode of hemoptysis along with his usual cough. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings. He has a sputum cytology examination performed that demonstrates the presence of atypical cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and orange-pink cytoplasm. Labortory studies show a serum calcium of 11.3 mg/dL, with phosphorus 2.1 mg/dL. Which of the following chest radiographic findings is this man most likely to have?

A Large hilar mass

B Pneumonia-like consolidation

C Peripheral nodule

D Carinal compression

E Left pleural thickening

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During a cardiac arrest, a 58-year-old man, a non-smoker, receives cardiopulmonary resuscitative measures and is brought to the hospital, where he is intubated. During the intubation procedure he suffers aspiration of gastric contents (pasta with mushrooms and peas). Over the next 10 days he develops a non-productive cough along with a fever to 37.9 C. A chest radiograph reveals a 4 cm diameter mass with an air-fluid level in the right lung. A sputum gram stain reveals mixed flora. Which of the following conditions is he most likely to have?

A Squamous cell carcinoma

B Lung abscess

C Chronic bronchitis

D Bronchiectasis

E Bronchopulmonary sequestration

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A 66-year-old woman has had a worsening non-productive cough with malaise for the past week. Her temperature increases to 37.4 C. A chest radiograph reveals diffuse bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates in all lung fields. A sputum gram stain reveals normal flora and few neutrophils. She recovers over the course of the next two weeks without sequelae. Which of the following infections is she most likely to have had?

A Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B Streptococcus pneumoniae

C Influenza, type A

D Cryptococcus neoformans

E Mycobacterium avium-complex

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A 58-year-old man has developed a non-productive cough worsening over the past two months. Last week he noted the appearance of blood-streaked sputum. On physical examination there are some expiratory wheezes auscultated over the left lung. A chest radiograph reveals a 5 cm mass near the left lung hilum. A sputum cytology reveals the presence of small clusters of very hyperchromatic, pleomorphic cells with scant cytoplasm. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor to development of his pulmonary disease?

A Silicosis

B Radon gas exposure

C Smoking

D Asbestosis

E Passive smoking

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A 41-year-old man with a 10 kg weight loss over the past 3 months now has had worsening fever, non-productive cough, and dyspnea for the past 3 days. His temperature is 38.2 C and there are diffuse rales in both lungs on auscultation. A chest radiograph shows patchy infiltrates in both lungs. Laboratory studies show a WBC count of 3250/microliter with differential of 78 segs, 3 bands, 5 lymphs, 11 monos, 2 eosinophils, and 1 basophil, Hgb 13.8 g/dL, Hct 41.4%, MCV 91 fL, and platelet count 317,000/microliter. His CD4 lymphocyte count is 79/microliter. Cryptosporidium organisms are found in a stool specimen. A bronchoalveolar lavage is performed, yielding fluid that microscopically demonstrates pink, foamy exudate with little inflammation. Which of the following additional findings on microscopic examination is he most likely to have in the BAL specimen?

A Acid fast bacilli

B Branching septate hyphae

C Multiple cysts with GMS stain

D Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

E Short gram positive rods

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A 60-year-old man has a 90 pack year history of smoking. For the past 5 years, he has had a cough productive of copious amounts of mucoid sputum for months at a time. He has had episodes of pneumonia with Streptococcus pneumoniae and E. coli cultured. His last episode of pneumonia is complicated by septicemia and brain abscess and he dies. At autopsy, his bronchi microscopically demonstrate mucus gland hypertrophy. Which of the following conditions is most likely to explain his clinical course?

A Squamous cell carcinoma

B Congestive heart failure

C Chronic bronchitis

D Bronchial asthma

E Centrilobular emphysema

F Panlobular emphysema

G Bronchiectasis

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A 66-year-old man has had increasing dyspnea for about a year. He is a smoker. He is retired from the construction business. There are some rales auscultated in both lungs on physical examination. A chest radiograph reveals bilateral diaphragmatic pleural plaques as well as diffuse interstitial lung disease. A sputum cytology shows no atypical cells. Pulmonary function studies reveal a low FVC and a normal FEV1/FVC ratio. These findings are most likely to suggest prior exposure to which of the following environmental agents?

A Cotton fibers

B Silica dust

C Fumes with iron particles

D Asbestos crystals

E Beryllium

F Mold spores

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A 58-year-old man has been a smoker for many years. He has had an 8 kg weight loss over the past 6 months accompanied by a chronic cough and malaise. He reports no fever, nausea, or vomiting. He had a recent episode of hemoptysis. A chest radiograph reveals a 5 cm diameter mass in the medial left upper lobe. Bronchoscopy reveals a mass lesion involving the left superior segmental bronchus. Which of the following cytologic findings is most likely to be present in this man?

A Cysts staining with GMS in a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

B Pleural fluid with atypical mesothelial cells

C Epthelioid cells with necrotic debris in a fine needle aspirate

D Malignant appearing squamous cells in sputum

E Intranuclear inclusions in large epithelial cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

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A 44-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol abuse has lost 6 kg in the past five months. He has had a cough with hemoptysis along with pleuritic chest pain for the past 2 weeks. On physical examination his temperature is 37.5 C. A chest radiograph reveals a bilateral reticulonodular pattern. A transbronchial biopsy is performed and on microscopic examination shows a few epithelioid cells with necrotic debris. Laboratory studies show a WBC count of 5890/microliter with 78% granulocytes, 15% lymphocytes, and 7% monocytes. Which of the following additional histologic findings is most likely to be present on his biopsy?

A Branching, septated hyphae

B Pleomorphic cells with dark, angular nuclei

C Clusters of small RBC-sized cysts staining with GMS

D Small, rounded hyperchromatic cells with a high N/C ratio

E Acid fast bacilli

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A 20-year-old man falls while jogging along a city street early one morning. He suffers a minor abrasion to his left hand. However, within minutes he is very dyspneic and has right-sided chest pain. He walks into a nearby store, and the manager calls for an ambulance. On arrival at the hospital, he has tachypnea and tachycardia. On physical examination breath sounds are absent over the right lung fields. A chest radiograph shows that the mediastinum is shifted to the left, and there are no fractures. A thoracentesis on the right yields a rush of air. Which of the following conditions is most likely to have given rise to these events?

A Bronchopleural fistula

B Paraseptal emphysema

C Foreign body aspiration

D Intrinsic asthma

E Pulmonary atherosclerosis

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Following a vehicular accident with blood loss leading to prolonged, severe hypotension, a 30-year-old man is intubated and placed on a ventilator. He has progressively decreasing oxygen saturations despite increasing PEEP and FI02 of 100%. He remains afebrile. He dies 3 days later. At autopsy, the lungs show diffuse hyaline membranes in alveoli, thickened alveolar walls, and many alveolar macrophages but few neutrophils. Which of the following pulmonary diseases most likely complicated his course?

A Bronchopneumonia

B Chronic bronchitis

C Bronchiectasis

D Viral pneumonia

E Diffuse alveolar damage

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A 51-year-old man complains of a slight cough he has had for about a week. He is a non-smoker. On physical examination auscultation of the chest reveals clear lung fields. A chest radiograph shows a subpleural "coin lesion" 2 cm in diameter in the right upper lobe. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A Small cell anaplastic carcinoma

B Granuloma

C Bronchiectasis

D Exogenous lipid pneumonia

E Silicosis

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A 60-year-old man has had a cough without production of much sputum for the past week. On physical examination he is afebrile. There are decreased breath sounds at the right lung base. A chest radiograph reveals an area of consolidation in the right lower lobe. He is given antibiotic therapy, but a month later the radiographic picture has not changed, and his cough continues. A bronchoalveolar lavage is performed and yields atypical cells along with scattered alveolar macrophages. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A Mycoplasma pneumonia

B Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

C Sarcoidosis

D Pulmonary infarction

E Silicosis

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A 25-year-old man receives a bone marrow transplant for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. He develops increasing dyspnea 3 weeks later, along with fever and cough. On physical examination his temperature is 37.8 C. A chest radiograph shows irregular interstitial infiltrates. A bronchoalveolar lavage is performed an on cytologic examination shows cells that are enlarged and have prominent intranuclear inclusions. He is most likely to have an infection with which of the following organisms?

A Toxoplasma gondii

B Candida albicans

C Cytomegalovirus

D Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)

E Mycobacterium tuberculosis

F Influenza B virus

G Respiratory syncytial virus

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A 55-year-old woman has had fever and dyspnea for over a month along with a 2 kg weight loss. On physical examination her temperature is 37.8 C. A chest radiograph shows a reticulonodular pattern along with prominent hilar lymphadenopathy. A transbronchial lung biopsy is performed, and microscopic examination shows no viral inclusions, no fungi, no acid fast bacilli, and no atypical cells. Which of the following diseases is she most likely to have?

A Silicosis

B Sarcoidosis

C Asbestosis

D Tuberculosis

E Usual interstitial pneumonitis

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A 55-year-old man has been a cigarette smoker for the past 40 years. He has noted some blood-streaked sputum on coughing during the past week. He also has back pain. A chest radiograph shows a small 3 cm right hilar mass with several 1 to 2 cm peripheral lung nodules. A bone scan reveals multiple areas of increased uptake in the vertebrae, ribs, and pelvis. A sputum cytology reveals the presence of clusters of small cells having hyperchromatic nuclei and almost no cytoplasm. Which of the following laboratory test findings is he most likely to have as a consequence of his lung disease?

A Positive antinuclear antibody

B Platelet count of 55,000/microliter

C Plasma cortisol at 8 am of 5 microgm/dL

D Serum sodium of 113 mmol/L

E Hyperuricemia

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A 40-year-old woman has had a high fever for a week, accompanied by a cough productive of yellowish sputum. On physical examination her temperature is 38.2 C. There are diffuse rales in all lung fields. Her chest radiograph reveals patchy infiltrates in all lung fields, and there is a 4 cm rounded area of consolidation in the left upper lobe that has an air-fluid level. Examination of her sputum reveals numerous neutrophils. Which of the following infectious agents is most likely causing her pulmonary disease?

A Staphylococcus aureus

B Aspergillus niger

C Mycobacterium tuberculosis

D Mycoplasma pneumoniae

E Adenovirus

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At autopsy, a 60-year-old man is found to have a peripheral 7 cm area of golden-yellow consolidation on sectioning of the left lung. Microscopically, this area has alveoli filled with foamy macrophages. Which of the following conditions in his lung is most likely to be responsible for this finding?

A Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

B Cystic fibrosis

C Adenocarcinoma

D Silicosis

E Squamous cell carcinoma

F Malignant mesothelioma

G Thromboembolism

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A 12-year-old girl has the acute onset of dyspnea and wheezing. She coughs up a large, thick mucus plug. She has experienced similar previous episodes for the past 7 years, all of which lasted 1 to 6 hours. On physical examination her vital signs include T 37.1 C, P 109/minute, RR 24/minute, and BP 90/60 mm Hg. There are decreased breath sounds in all lung fields. A chest radiograph reveals hyperinflation but no infiltrates. Laboratory studies show WBC count of 8300/microliter with differential count of 60 segs, 3 bands, 16 lymphs, 10 monos, and 11 eosinophils. A sputum sample examined microscopically has increased numbers of eosinophils. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A Mycoplasma pneumonia infection

B Cystic fibrosis

C Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

D Bronchial asthma

E Aspiration of gastric contents

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A 40-year-old previously healthy woman, a non-smoker, has had episodes of fever, non-productive cough, and dyspnea over the past 3 months. Her symptoms disappeared after a month's vacation, but reappeared when she returned home to take care of her canaries. On physical examination there are no abnormal findings. A chest radiograph shows fine diffuse and nodular infiltrates in all lung fields. Her disease is most likely to be produced via which of the following mechanisms?

A Mast cell degranulation

B Progressive interstitial fibrosis

C Antigen-antibody complex formation

D Langerhans cell proliferation

E Infection with Mycobacterium kansasii

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A 63-year-old woman has had increasing dyspnea for 5 years. On physical examination her lungs are hyper-resonant without dullness. Tactile vocal fremitus is slightly decreased over all lung fields. Scattered expiratory wheezes and inspiratory rhonchi are present without basal crackles. She has a chest radiograph that reveals increased lung volumes and flattening of the diaphragmatic leaves. Spirometry demonstrates an FEV1 that is decreased more than the FVC so that the FEV1/FVC ratio is less than 70% of normal. Which of the following inhaled substances, which increases the elaboration of neutrophil elastase, is most likely to cause her pulmonary disease?

A Chlorine

B Silica

C Carbon monoxide

D Nicotine

E Carbon

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A 54-year-old man has had increasing dyspnea for the past 6 years, but no cough. On physical examination there is increased jugular venous distension. He is afebrile. A chest radiograph shows increased lucency in upper lung fields and increased lung volumes, with flattening of the diaphragmatic leaves. There are no infiltrates. The pulmonary arteries are enlarged and prominent bilaterally, and his right heart border is enlarged. Which of the following pathologic findings is most likely to be present in his main pulmonary arteries?

A Granulomatous vasculitis

B Organizing thromboemboli

C Medial dissection

D Atherosclerosis

E Aneurysm formation

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A 44-year-old woman, a non-smoker, has had a fever and cough for the past 4 days. She does not have hemoptysis. She has not experienced weight loss, malaise, nausea, or vomiting. On physical examination her temperature is 37.7 C. There are decreased breath sounds over the right upper lung. A chest radiograph reveals a 6 cm area of infiltrates in the right upper lobe. She is given a course of antibiotic therapy, but her cough persists. A month later her chest x-ray now reveals a 3 cm peripheral mass in the right upper lobe. Which of the following neoplasms is most likely to be present in this woman?

A Squamous cell carcinoma

B Small cell anaplastic carcinoma

C Adenocarcinoma

D Mesothelioma

E Carcinoid tumor

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A 70-year-old woman has been bedridden for 5 weeks following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). She has the sudden onset of dyspnea, but has no further symptoms until two days later when she experiences left sided pleuritic chest pain. A day later she suffers another CVA and dies. At autopsy, she is found to have a wedge-shaped area of hemorrhage based on the pleura of the left lower lobe. Which of the following pathologic findings in her pulmonary arterial branches is she most likely to have?

A Atherosclerosis

B Aspergillosis

C Fat embolism

D Vasculitis

E Thromboembolism

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A 38-year-old previously healthy woman has had a worsening non-productive cough for the past 4 days. On physical examination her temperature is 38.3 C. A chest radiograph shows patchy infiltrates and diffuse interstitial markings. Laboratory studies show a sputum gram stain with mixed flora. Her Hgb is 12.9 g/dL, platelet count 229,450/microliter, and WBC count 5815/microliter. Her cold agglutinin titer is elevated. Following a course of erythromycin therapy, she improves, with no complications. Which of the following infectious agents is most likely to cause the pulmonary disease seen in this woman?

A Nocardia asteroides

B Mycoplasma pneumoniae

C Mycobacterium kansasii

D Respiratory syncytial virus

E Chlamydia psittici

F Adenovirus

G Klebsiella pneumoniae

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A 23-year-old primigravida is found on prenatal testing to have an elevated hemoglobin A1C level. Her pregnancy is uncomplicated until the 29th week of gestation, when she has the onset of premature labor and delivers a male infant 24 hours later. The infant initially has Apgar scores of 4 and 6 at 1 and 5 minutes, but within an hour is in severe respiratory distress and requires intubation with mechanical ventilation. Which of the following pharmacologic therapies administered to the mother prior to birth could have helped to prevent this infant's neonatal respiratory distress?

A Hydrocortisone

B Nafcillin

C Ibuprofen

D Lecithin

E Vitamin A

F Surfactant

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For the past 5 months, a 51-year-old woman has noted increased swelling of her lower legs as the day progresses. She has no fever and no cough. On physical examination, she has pitting edema to the knees. A chest radiograph reveals bilateral pleural effusions, and the right heart border is prominent. Laboratory studies show a serum AST of 238 U/L, ALT 263 U/L, LDH 710 U/L, and CK 127 U/L. Which of the following underlying disease is most likely to cause these findings?

A Goodpasture syndrome

B Recurrent thromboembolism

C Renovascular hypertension

D Bronchial asthma

E Rheumatoid arthritis

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A 51-year-old man received an orthotopic cardiac transplant a month ago. He has developed a fever with cough over the past 5 days. On physical examination his temperature is 37.7 C. A chest CT scan shows consolidation with abscess formation involving the left lower lobe. A sputum gram stain reveals normal upper respiratory tract flora. He does not respond to antibiotic therapy over the next 6 months. His mental status deteriorates and MR imaging of the brain shows multiple abscesses. He is most likely to have an infection with which of the following organisms?

A Mycoplasma pneumoniae

B Aspergillus fumigatus

C Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

D Nocardia braziliensis

E Cytomegalovirus

F Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)

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Several weeks after visiting her grandmother dying from a respiratory tract infection, a healthy 5-year-old girl develops a fever along with wheezing. On physical examination her temperature is 37.9 C. Her lung fields are clear to auscultation but there are expiratory wheezes. A chest radiograph reveals a solitary 2 cm peripheral mid-lung nodule and marked hilar lymphadenopathy. Laboratory studies show Hgb 13.6 g/dL, platelet count 183,600/microliter, and WBC count 5480/microliter. These findings are most consistent with infection by which of the following organisms?

A Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B Candida albicans

C Coccidioides immitis

D Aspergillus flavus

E Bacteroides fragilis

F Streptococcus pneumoniae

G Respiratory syncytial virus

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A 44-year-old previously healthy man has the sudden onset of severe dyspnea. On physical examination he is afebrile. There are absent breath sounds over the right lung fields. A chest x-ray shows pulmonary atelectasis involving all of the right lung. Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce these findings?

A Aspiration of a foreign body

B Pulmonary embolism

C Squamous cell carcinoma

D Penetrating chest trauma

E Bronchiectasis

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A newborn male infant develops increasing respiratory distress within an hour following an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at 36 weeks gestation. A plain film radiograph reveals near opacification of both lungs. Despite intubation and positive pressure ventilation, the baby dies within two days. At autopsy, the baby's lungs demonstrate extensive pink hyaline membranes. Which of the following maternal conditions is most likely to increase the risk for this infant's respiratory distress?

A Gestational diabetes

B Hyperemesis gravidarum

C Iron deficiency

D Preeclampsia

E Systemic lupus erythematosus

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Following an acute pharyngitis lasting 4 days, a 10-year-old boy develops neck pain and marked halitosis. On physical examination is breath is very malodorous and there is an abscess in the peritonsillar region. Laboratory studies include a culture of the abscess which grows anaerobic flora. Which of the following aerobic organisms is most likely to be cultured from his abscess?

A Staphylococcus aureus

B Hemophilus influenzae

C Corynebacterium diphtheriae

D Bordetella pertussis

E Group A streptococcus

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A 65-year-old man has had no major medical problems prior to the past year, when he noted increasing malaise along with a 7 kg weight loss. He is a non-smoker. He currently does not have fever, cough, dyspnea, or any respiratory difficulties. On physical examination, he has non-tender supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. The lungs are clear to auscultation. A chest x-ray shows multiple solid nodules ranging from 1 to 3 cm scattered throughout all lung fields. No infiltrates or areas of consolidation are noted. Laboratory studies show Hgb 11.6 g/dL, Hct 34.7%, MCV 83 fL, and WBC count 6280/microliter. Which of the following pathologic processes in his lungs is most likely to account for these findings?

A Pulmonary infarctions

B Foreign body aspiration

C Metastatic carcinoma

D Nocardia asteroides infection

E Silicosis

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A 43-year-old woman who does not smoke becomes increasingly dyspneic over 8 years' time. She does not have a cough or increased sputum production. She is afebrile. On physical examination she has decreased breath sounds with hyperresonance in all lung fields. A chest radiograph reveals increased lucency of all lung fields. Laboratory studies show her serum alpha-1-antitrypsin level is 18 mg/dL. Which of the following parts of the lung is most likely to be affected by her condition?

A Lymphatic channel

B Alveolar duct

C Bronchial artery

D Interstitium

E Terminal bronchiole

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A 30-year-old woman is in the 28th week of an uncomplicated pregnancy when she experiences the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, followed by vaginal bleeding, then the onset of labor. A girl infant is delivered on the way to the hospital. On arrival within an hour, the baby is in respiratory distress and requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. A day later, a chest radiograph shows opacification of both lungs. The baby's respiratory status does not improve. Which of the following histopathologic findings is most likely to be present in this baby's lungs?

A Neutrophilic exudates in the alveoli

B Irregular fibrosis with airspace dilation

C Decreased lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes

D Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

E Interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates

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A 41-year-old woman has a 1 year history of episodic dyspnea. On physical examination there are expiratory wheezes. Her chest radiograph shows a few small 0.5 cm perihilar nodules. Laboratory studies show an elevated serum IgE along with peripheral blood eosinophilia. A sputum sample shows eosinophils. Which of the following pathologic findings is most likely present in her bronchi?

A Non-invasive aspergillosis

B Blastomycosis

C Invasive candidiasis

D Wegener granulomatosis

E Cytomegalovirus

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A male infant has initial Apgar scores of 5 and 6 at 1 and 5 minutes following birth by normal vaginal delivery at 30 weeks gestation. However, increasing respiratory distress in the next hour requires intubation and positive pressure ventilation. Two months later, the infant is finally taken off the ventilator, but still does not oxygenate normally. Which of the following diseases has this infant most likely developed?

A Diffuse alveolar damage

B Bronchial asthma

C Bronchiectasis

D Tracheo-esophageal fistula

E Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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A 6-year-old child has the sudden onset of dyspnea with wheezing. On physical examiantion he is afebrile but has absent breath sounds on the right. His temperature is 37 C, pulse 82/minute, respiratory rate 28/minute, and blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg. An arterial blood gas measurement shows pO2 80, pCO2 25, and pH 7.5. Following administration of 100% FiO2 by nasal canula, a repeat measurement shows pO2 80, pCO2 25, and pH 7.5. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A Foreign body aspiration

B Bronchial asthma

C Paraseptal emphysema

D Thromboembolism

E Carcinoid tumor

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A 60-year-old woman develops multiple organ failure 3 weeks following a pneumonia complicated by septicemia. Antibiotic therapy has resulted in sputum and blood cultures that are now without growth of organisms. Nevertheless, she requires intubation with mechanical ventilation, but it becomes progressively more difficult to maintain her oxygen saturations. Ventilatory pressures must be increased. A portable chest radiograph shows increasing opacification of all lung fields. Which of the following pathologic processes is most likely now to be present in her lungs?

A Pulmonary arterial vasculitis

B Diffuse alveolar damage

C Extensive neutrophilic alveolar exudates

D Extensive intra-alveolar hemorrhage

E Widespread bronchiectasis

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